| A | B |
|---|
| skyscraper | Elevators and steel made this space saver possible |
| Central Park | This was intended to soothe the inhabitants of New York City and let them enjoy a "natural setting." |
| Louis Sullivan | This architectural pioneer designed the "proud and soaring" ten-story Wainwright building in St. Louis, Missouri. |
| Brooklyn Bridge | Completed in 1883, this "eighth wonder of the world" that connected Brooklyn to Manhattan took 14 years to build. |
| Richmond | This was the first city to electrify its urban transit. |
| Boston | This city's Back Bay area was originally a 450 acre swamp. |
| George Eastman | He invented the Kodak camera. |
| Fredrick Law Olmsted | This landscape architecht spearheaded the movement for planned urban parks. |
| Orville and Wilbur Wright | These pioneer aviators helped make airmail possible. |
| poll tax | This had to be paid to gain access to the voting booth in many poor Southern states. It kept many poor whites and blacks from voting. |
| lynching | murdering of blacks in the American South for violating racial etiquette |
| segregation | This term refers to any system of seperating people on the basis of race. |
| Ida B. Wells | This African-American journalist began crusading for racial justice after the lynching of three friends. |
| debt peonage | This was a system that bound laborers into virtual slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer; found to violate the 13th amendment in 1911. |
| Jim Crow laws | These laws were passed in the South to prevent white and black people from intermixing and to prevent blacks from achieving equality. |
| grandfather clause | This was added to the constitutions of several Southern states to enable white people to vote if they may have been kept from doing so by other restrictions. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | This Supreme Court decision ruled that the seperate accomodations for the races was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment. It established the "seperate but equal" principle. |
| Booker T. Washington | Moderate reformer who hped that improving the economic skills of African Americans would lead to long term gains. He also led the Tuskegee Institute and made it a leader in the education of African Americans. |
| United States v. Reese | The Supreme Court said that grandfather clauses and laws that excluded entire classes of people from voting because of race were violations of the 15th Amendment |
| George Eastman | Inventor of the popular roll-film camera. |
| Mark Twain | Novelist and Humorist who wrote American classics. |
| William Randolph Hearst | newspaper magnate, purveyor of yellow journalism; developed a national chain of newspapers |
| W.E.B. Dubois | first African American to earn a Ph.D from Harvard University and founder of the NAACP |
| Marshall Field | founder of the Marshall Fields department store chain based in Chicago |
| Thomas Eakins | painter, sculptor and photographer known as the father of American realism |
| Stephen Crane | author and journalist famous for such classics as the Red Badge of Courage |
| Montgomery Ward | Chicago based department store chain founded originally as a mail order company |
| Sears Roebuck | Montgomery Ward's main competitor in the mail order business, once sold entire hosues by mail |
| Joseph Pulitzer | newspaper magnate and main competitor of William Randolph Hearst |
| Coney Island | amusement park at the southernmost end of Brooklyn that was developed as a resort as rail lines and trolley lines were extended from New York City |
| William Torrey Harris | established America's first kindergarten in St. Louis in 1873 |
| Niagra Movement | founded in 1905 by WEB Dubois; wanted to make immediate changes in the civil rights situaiton |
| Victorianism | term used to describe the conservative moral standards, attitudes, and conduct associated with Queen of Britain from 1837 to 1901. |
| minstrel show | theatrical performance in which white actors exaggerated |
| literacy test | test administered by poll workers; designed to keep African Americans from voting |
| ragtime | musical style that originated among African Americans playing in saloons in the South and Midwest in the 1880s |
| yellow journalism | term used to describe "sensationized" news coverage |
| woman question | wide-ranging debate about the social role of women |
| de facto discrimination | discrimination in fact although not necessarily by law |
| jazz | unique American musical style that originated in New Orleans at the beginning of the 20th century, rooted in African American musical styles, blended with Western music theory and technique |
| vaudeville | style of mulit-act theater that flourshed in North America from the 1880s through the 1920s |
| rural free delivery (RFD) | started in 1896 this allowed delivery of mail and packages directly to residents and sparked the beginning of mail order catalog businesses like Sears and Montgomery Ward |
