| A | B |
|---|
| asexual reproduction | only one parent and no specialized reproductive cells or organs are involved |
| sexual reproduction | involves the fusion of nuclea material from 2 cells (gametes) sex cells |
| zygote | cell resulting from the fusion of gametes |
| chromosomes | rod like structures--contains only part of the total hereditary information |
| chromatin | dark staining nulear material found in non-dividning cells. It contains the DNA |
| Types of asexual reproduction | binary fission, budding, sprulation, regeneration, vevetative reproduction and artificial vegetative reproduction |
| binary fission | splitting into 2--the nuclear material and the cytoplasm of the parent cell divide equally and form 2 daughter cells of the same size |
| budding | cytoplasm divides unequally-new cell (bud) receives the smaller portion |
| regeneration | production of a multicellular outgrowth from the body of the parent.--develops into a complete organism--ex. hydra and sponge |
| vegetative reproduction | reproduction that involves roots, stems, and leaves - that give rise to new plants |
| forms of vegetative reproduction | bulb (onion), tubler, (potatoes) , and runners (strawberries) |
| artifical vegetative reproduction | cutting/cutting from a plant is placed in soil, complete plant develops--grafting/ stem of 1 plant is attached to the cut end of another growing plant |
| cell division is..... | necessary for growth, cell replacement, and reproduction |
| meiosis | nuclear division that occurs only in special reproductive cells of an organism/daughter cells receive 1 chromonsome from each parent |
| mitosis | type of nuclear division that occurs only in special reproductive cells of an organism |
| diploid number | (2n) normal chromosome number (human 46) |
| monoploid (haploid) number | (n) number after reduction by meiosis (ovaries = (n) human 23/sperm (n) human (23) |
| Mitosis | produces cells with diploid (2n) chromosomes/daughter cells get same number & types of chromosomes |
| meiosis | produces cells with monoploid (n) chromosomes/daughter cells get one chromosome from each pair -selection of chromosomes is random |
| mitosis | produces body cells for growth & replacement of tissue and asexual reproduction |
| meiosis | produces gametes specialized for sexual reproduction |
| mitosis | produces two new cells |
| meosis | produces 4 new cells |
| fertilization | 2 gametes come together |
| zygote | the result of the egg and sperm coming together |
| external fertilization | gametes fuse outside of the female ex. fish /amphibians |
| characteristics of external | animals produce more eggs/large number of zygotes/increases chances of survival of offspring |
| internal fertilization | gametes fuse inside of the female - ex. most land animals |
| characteristics of internal | deposit of sperm inside female/moisture is produced by both to aid the transport of the sperm & eggs/protected within the female |
| cleavage | series of mitotic cell division/zygote becomes an embryo/increases the number of cells not the size |
| bastula | hollow ball made up of a single layer of cells |
| gastrula | one side of the bastula pushes inward forming 2 cell layers |
| ecotoderm/outer layer | nervous system, skin, hair, nails |
| mesoderm/middle layer | muscle, circulatory system, excretory system, testes, ovaries |
| endoderm/inner layer | lining of digestive & respiratory sys., parts of liver and pancreas |
| development in water/land (external) | get nourishment from yolk stored in the egg |
| (internal) placental mammals | fertilization takes place in oviducts/dev. takes place in the uterus |
| marsupials | pouched animals/internal fertilization and dev. of embryo. embryo born before dev. completed --dev. continues in pouch |
| oviducts | fallopian tubes/transports egg to uterus/fertilization occurs there |
| uterus | hollow, oval organ where development takes place |
| what occurs first during normal mitosis? | chromosomes duplicate |
| By which process are two daughter nucleli formed that are identical to each other and to the original nucleus | mitosis |
| As a result of mitosis, the chromosome number within each cell of a developing embryo will... | remain the same |
| metaphase | the first meiotic division, the chromosomesare attached tothe spindles fibers. |
| synapsis and disjunction are part of... | meiotic cell division |
