| A | B |
| innovation | a new way of doing things |
| almanac | writings that include information that describes the best way to plant, irrigate land, and care for crops |
| ziggurat | the largest and tallest temple in every Sumerian city-state |
| cuneiform | a writing system based on wedge-shaped symbols |
| scribe | a person who records things for others |
| deity | one exalted or revered as supremely good or powerful, such as a god |
| conquer | to take over |
| empire | vast lands and varied people under the control of a single government |
| emperor | the ruler of an empire |
| standing army | a permanent army |
| tribute | a required payment from one ruler to a more powerful ruler |
| Code of Hammurabi | the collection of laws that Hammurabi organized for the people of Babylon to follow |
| classify | to group items of information |