| A | B |
|---|
| Republic | Government in which officials are chosen by the people. |
| Patricians | Members of the landholding upper class. |
| Consul | Supervised the government and commanded the armies. |
| Dictator | Ruler having complete control over a government. |
| Plebians | Members of lower class: farmers, merchants, artisans, traders. |
| Tribunes | officials who protected the rights of plebians. |
| Veto | Power to block a government action. |
| Legion | Unit of Roman Army containing 5,000 soldiers. |
| Imperialism | Establishing control over foreign lands and people. |
| Province | Land under Roman rule. |
| Latifunda | Estates bought by newly wealthy Romans. |
| Census | Population count. |
| Satirize | To make fun of. |
| Mosaic | Picture made from colored stone or glass chips. |
| Aqueduct | Bridgelike stone structures carrying water from hills to cities. |
| Messiah | Savior sent by God. |
| Apostle | Leader of a new faith or movement. |
| Martyr | Person who suffers or dies for their beliefs. |
| Bishop | High Church official with authority over local area, diocese. |
| Diocese | District or region under care of Bishop. |
| Patriarch | Highest Church official in a major city. |
| Pope | Head of Roman Catholic Church. |
| Heresy | Religious belief that is contrary to teachings of a church. |
| Inflation | Rapid rise in prices linked to sharp rise in money available. |
| Mercenary | Soldier serving in a foreign army for pay. |
| Pax Romana | "Roman Peace" lasting 200 years. |
| Colosseum | Rome's largest stadium; as many as 50,000 spectators could watch gladiator contests. |
| First Punic War | Rome defeated Carthage; won Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia. |
| Second Punic War | Rome defeated Hannibal, Carthage general. |
| Third Punic War | Rome destroyed Carthage. |
| Virgil | Poet; author of "The Aeneid". |
| Marcus Tullius Cicero | Philosopher, politician, and passionate defender of law. |
| Senator | Roman official argued cases in court and served as judges. |
| Engineering | Applying science & math to develop useful structures & machines. |
| Julius Caesar | Absolute ruler of Rome: "I came, I saw, I conquered." |
| Augustus | Ended civil war, reformed government, established empire. |
| Nero | Persecuted Christians, after fire destroyed much of Rome. |
| Vespasian | Authorized building projects in Rome; reorganized government finance. |
| Hadrian | Built Hadrian's Wall in Britain; codified Roman law. |
| Marcus Aurelius | Helped unify empire economically; made legal reforms. |
| Constantine | Ended persecution of Christians. |
| Christianity | Official religion of the Roman Empire. |
| Jesus | Founder of Christianity; taught about God's love, justice, morality, and service. |
| Edict of Milan | Issued by Constantine: granted freedom of worship to all citizens. |
| Gospel | "Good News". |
