| A | B |
|---|
| texture | the size, shape, and pattern of a rock's grains |
| grain | a particle of mineral or other rock that gives a rock its texture |
| igneous rock | a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface |
| sedimentary rock | a type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together |
| metamorphic rock | a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions |
| extrusive rock | igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth's surface |
| basalt | a dark, dense igneous rock with a fine texture, found in oceanic crust |
| intrusive rock | igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface |
| granite | a usually light-colored rock that is found in continental crust |
| porphyritic texture | an igneous rock texture in which large crystals are scattered on a background of much smaller crystals |
| silica | a material that is formed from the elements oxygen and silicon; found in magma |
| sediment | small, solid particles of material from rocks or organisms which are moved by water or wind, resulting in erosion and deposition |
| erosion | the process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves fragments of rock and soil |
| deposition | the process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind that is carrying it, and is deposited in a new location |
| compaction | the process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight |
| cementation | the process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass |
| clastic rock | sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together under high pressure |
| organic rock | sedimentary rock that forms where remains of organisms are deposited in thick layers |
| chemical rock | sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solution |
| nonfoliated | grains in metamorphic rocks are arranged in random order |
| foliated | term used to describe metamorphic rocks whose grains are arranged in parallel layers or bands |
| rock cycle | processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rock from one kind to another |
| magma | molten rock beneath Earth's surface |
| lava | magma when it reaches the surface of the Earth |
| coal | organic sedimentary rock formed from the remains of swamp plants |
| organic | substances that were once part of living things or made by living things |
| inorganic | substances never part of living things or made by living things |
| breccia | clastic rock made of large fragments with sharp edges |
| shale | clastic rock formed from tiny particles of clay |
| sandstone | clastic rock formed from sand which easily absorbs water |
| pumice | extrusive igneous rock used as an abrasive for cleaning and polishing |
| obsidian | extrusive igneous rock called black glass used for making sharp tools and jewelry |
| no visible grain | type of rock grain formed with quick cooling or very small microscopic particles |
| conglomerate | clastic rock with large rounded pieces from other rocks cemented together |
| coal | sedimentary rock formed from material once living |
| light colored | high in silica produces this colored rock |
| dark colored | low in silica produces this colored rock |
| gneiss | foliated metamorphic rock from granite |
| slate | foliated metamorphic rock from shale |
| marble | nonfoliated metamorphic rock from dolomite or limestone |
| deep underground | where metamorphic rock forms |
| glassy texture | obsidian extrusive forms quickly |
| smelting | process where metal is extracted from ore |
| foliated and nonfoliated | texture of metamorphic rock |
| coarse grain | large and easy to see grains |
| fine grained | small and hard to see grains |
