| A | B |
|---|
| Aqueous Humor | Fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye (between the cornea and lens) |
| Vitreous humor | Fluid filling in the posterior chamber of the eye (behind the lens) |
| lens | A clear structure located behind the iris that can change its shape to focus light onto the retina |
| Ciliary muscles | Muscles that attach to the lens and pull it flatter or relax to make it thicker, and help focus light onto the retina |
| Cornea | The transparent part on the front of the eye, it bends light (and with the lens) focuses light onto the retina |
| Astigmatism | The image on the retina is distorted because the cornea is not exactly spherical. |
| Sclera | Like the body of a camera, this part gives the eye its shape and forms the white part of the eye |
| Presbyopia | Far-sightedness occurring when the scleral sphere is too small |
| Myopia | Near-sightedness occurring when the scleral sphere is too large |
| Conjunctiva | A thin membrane that covers the eye (whites) and eyelids to help the eye smoothly move around |
| Iris | The muscle in front of the lens that contracts to allow in less light, and relaxes to allow in more light. |
| Pupil | The hole in the center of the iris. |
| Rectus Muscles | Move the eye |
| Retina | Lines the inside back of the eye. It receives and converts light signals to neural impulses. Composed of Rods and Cones |
| Rods | A photoreceptor that is sensitive to brightness and movement. Concentrated away from the center back of the retina. |
| Cones | A photoreceptor that is sensitive to color and detail. Concentrated in the back center of the retina |
| Photoreceptors | Light sensitive cells that convert light to nervous signals |
| Optic Disc | The point where all the nerve fibers from the retina converge into the optic nerve |
| Optic nerve | The bundle of nerves that connect the eye to the brain |
| Blind Spot | The place where the nerves of the eye converge and enter the optic nerve. Contains no photoreceptors |
| Lacrimal glands | Provide tears, located in the upper outer corner of the orbit. |
| Tears | Keep eye moist, lubricated, and protected against infection |
| External meatus | External ear canal |
| Tympanic membrane | ear drum |
| Inner Ear | between the ear drum and cochlea |
| Outer Ear | From the outside world, to the ear drum |
| Inner ear | inside the cochlea |
| Malleus | Inner ear bone known as the hammer |
| Incus | Inner ear bone known as the anvil |
| Stapes | Inner ear bone known as the stirrup |
| Vestibular window | AKA the oval window, is the site where the stapes enters the cochlea |
| Sections of the cerebral cortex | Formed from four lobes: the frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal. |
| Sections of the forebrain | Made up of the cerebrum, amygdala, and hippocampus |
| Function of the forebrain | Involved in thinking, planning, and problem-solving |
| Hippocampus function | Involved in memory |
| Thalamus function | Serves as a relay station for almost all of the information that enters the brain |
| Function of Hypothalamus | Neurons here serve as a relay station for internal regulatory systems, by monitoring information coming in from the autonomic nervous system, and commanding the body through those nerves and the pituitary gland |
| Colliculi (inferior and superior) | Small hills in the midbrain that relay specific sensory information from the sense organs to the brain |
| Parts of the hindbrain | Includes the pons, medulla oblongata, and the cerebellum |
| Functions of the pons and medulla | Control respiration and heart rhythms |
| Functions of the cerebellum | Controls movement as well as cognitive processes |
| Brain weight | 3 pounds (1300-1400 g) |
| Sulcus | A crevice in the brain |
| Gyrus | A fold in the brain |
| Precentral Gyrus | The fold in front of the Central Sulcus, and is responsible for Motor activity |
| Postcentral gyrus | The fold behind the central sulcus, responsible for for sensory information |
| Fovea Centralis | An are in the retina that has a high density of cones for focused vision |
| Olfactory Cranial Nerve | Purely Sensory; carries signals to the brain related to olfaction (smell). |
| Optic Cranial Nerve | Purely Sensory; carries signals to the brain related to vision. |
| Occulomotor cranial Nerve | Mixed Nerves; chiefly motor nerves of the eye controlling not only the eye muscles, but also the iris and ciliary muscles. |
| Trochlear Cranial Nerve | Mixed Nerves; primarily motor but also serves some somatic motor and propriception fibers. |
| Trigeminal Cranial Nerve | Purely Sensory; Conveys impulses from the skin of the scalp, upper eyelid, nose, cornea, lacrimal gland (tear duct), teeth, cheeks, upper lip, tongue, and chin. |
| Abducens Cranial Nerve | Mixed Nerves; primarily supplies somatic motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle (an eye muscle) and some propriceptor muscles |
| Facial Cranial Nerve | Mixed Nerves; They are the chief motor nevers of the face. There are five major branches - temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical. |
| Vestibulocochlear Canial Nerve | Purely Sensory; carries signals to the brain related to hearing and equilibrium. |
| Glossopharyngeal Cranial Nerve | Mixed Nerves; It innervates part of the tongue and pharynx and contain sensory receptors for taste and general touch (touch/pressure/pain) |
| Vagus Cranial Nerve | Mixed Nerves; This muscularly innervates the smooth muscle of the esophagus, trachea, the intrinsic muscles of the pharynx and the palate. It is also responsible for the secreation of mucus from the vestibular glands. In terms of sensory innervation, it is connected to the external ear, eardrum, carotids, and the epiglotus. |
| Accessory Cranial Nerve | Mixed Nerves; Primarily innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle as well as the trapezius muscle. |
| Hypoglossal Cranial Nerve | Mixed Nerves; Primarily innervates motor nerves of the tongue. |
