| A | B |
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| 1. What is meant by “organic” compounds? | a. molecules containing lots of carbon and hydrogen |
| 2. Why is carbon considered the backbone molecule in organic compounds? | a. Because it can be covalently bonded to 4 other atoms and form long, complicated “chains”. |
| 3. The structure (shape) of molecules often explain how cells function. For example, proteins have _______, _________, and ___________ that can match up with similar regions in the protein coat of a virus particle. | a. Ridges, clefts, and charged regions |
| 4. Functional groups are _______ or _________ of atoms that impart distinct chemical and physical properties to molecules | a. Atoms or clusters of atoms |
| 5. A good example of a functional group is the OH- group found on sugars giving the sugar molecule ________ properties and placing in the class of compounds called __________ | a. Polar, alcohols |
| a. Hydroxyl _________, b. ________ CH3, c. Carbonyl (aldehyde) _______, d. ________ COOH, e. Amino _________, f. ____________ PO4- | OH-, methyl, C double bond to O, C dblbond to O, but also to OH-, NH2, Phosphate |
| 7. The two primary sex hormones, estrogen (female) and testosterone (male) differ mainly in which functional groups they have and where they are located. Draw the two molecules here showing the differences. | a. “3 rooms and a garage” with estrogen showing the carbonyl group above the “garage” and vice-versa for the testosterone. |
| 8. Early on in a vertebrate embryo’s life, it is neither male nor female. In the presence of __________ (list hormone) the various tubes will develop into _______ sex organs whereas in the absence of _________ (list hormone) _______ sex organs develop that secrete ________ (list hormone) that will continue the formation of female traits. | a. Testosterone, male, testosterone, female, estrogen |
| The main difference between a monomer and a polymer is that… | a. Polymers are simply molecules in which many monomers have been hooked together |
| Enzymes are a class of molecules, _________ (list class), that cause chemical substances to react ___________ in chemical reactions than the substances would do on their own. | a. Proteins, Faster |
| 11. ____________ (also called dehydration) When two smaller molecules hook together releasing an H2O molecule | a. Condensation |
| 12. Hydrolysis is the opposite of Condensation. A polymer is cleaved into monomers with the addition of one ________ molecule | Water |
| 13. What is the source of methane bubbling up from the seafloor in the methane seeps? | a. Organic remains that are buried under the seafloor are being converted to methane gas by archaea bacteria. |
| 14. The methane released is sometimes used by other bacteria in a bizarre food web that doesn’t rely on the sun. What chemical waste product results? _________ (it is a very smelly gas!) | a. Hydrogen sulfide, H2S |
| 15. Most of the buried methane becomes trapped methane hydrate. What is this? | a. Icy crystals of methane |
| 16. What keeps methane hydrates from releasing vast amounts of methane gas that would cause cataclysmic changes to our atmosphere? | a. Undersea burial in near freezing temperatures under tremendous pressure. |
| In the Permian mass extinction (250 million years ago) it is hypothesized that vast methane hydrates were released. a. What did this do to levels of CO2 in the atmosphere? __________________________ | i. Vastly increased CO2 |
| a. Glucose ______________, b. Fructose ______________, c. Ribose ______________, d. Dioxyribose ______________, e. Sucrose ______________, f. Lactose ______________, g. Cellulose ______________, h. Starch ______________, i. Glycogen ______________, j. general saccharide with a few monomers______________ | i. mono, mono, mono, mono, di, di, poly, poly, poly, oligo |
| Cellulose is undigestible and differs from starch mainly in that __________________________ | a. Hydrogen bonding between strands forms strong, tight bundles |
| 20. What is the animal equivalent of stored “starch”? ______________ | a. Glycogen |
| 21. In what form does the body store excess glucose? _______________ | a. Glycogen |
| 22. What do liver cells break down when the levels of glucose in the blood drop to low levels? _____ | a. Glycogen |
| 23. Of the three main types of polysaccharides, which has a “branching” pattern in its structure? ____ | a. Glycogen |
| 24. What is the main structural difference between the polysaccharide that makes up spaghetti and the polysaccharide, called chitin, which makes up the exoskeleton of a spider? _________ | a. In the glucose ring, one of the hydroxyl groups is replaced by a nitrogen-containing group |
| 25. Extra credit for exam: memorize how to draw the complete structure of glucose, C6H12O6. | You better learn this! |
| 26. Lipids are generally _______ (polar or not polar) and composed of a 3-carbon molecule, ________, connected to one, two, or three ____________. | a. Polar, fatty acids |
| 27. A typical fatty acid has a _________group at the “head end” and a tail composed of a backbone of up to ______ and hydrogen atoms. | a. Carboxylic acid, 36 carbon |
| 28. What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid, and an unsaturated fatty acid? ___________ | a. Unsaturated has one or more double bonds in the “tail”. |
| 29. A double bond in the “tail” causes the “tail” to kink. This structural feature creates lipids that are _______ at room temperature. | a. Liquid |
| 30. Saturated lipids pack together more __________ (loosely or tightly) than unsaturated lipids and as a result are ________ (more or less) dense. | a. Tightly, more |
| 31. What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid? | a. A phospholipid only has 2 fatty acids (not 3), but the addition of a phosphate group to the glycerol backbone. |
| 32. ___________ (triglycerides or phospholipids) are the main storage form for fat deposits (adipose tissue) in animals. | a. Triglycerides |
| ___________ (triglycerides or phospholipids) have a polar “end” because of the hydrophilic “head”. | a. phospholipids |
| Many organisms produce different kinds of waxes, all of which repel water. These lipids are constructed of long-chained __________ packed around alcohols and carbon rings. A great example is __________ (list one). | a. Fatty acids, plant cuticle, beeswax, bird oils |
| 35. Sterols are a general class of lipids with no __________, but all have a rigid backbone of four fused-together _____________ (that I call the “3 rooms and a garage”). | a. Fatty acids, carbon rings |
| 36. The most common type of sterol found in animal cells is ___________. Vitamin _____, and ________, like testosterone and estrogen, are also sterols. | a. Cholesterol, D, sex hormones |
| 37. Cholesterol is something you need and is made in the ________; this implies that you don’t really need to eat foods containing lots of extra cholesterol. | a. Liver |
| 38. Cells assemble _______ (roughly how many) different proteins from only _____ (how many) kinds of amino acids. | a. Thousands, 20 |
| 39. What are the 4 parts of a typical amino acid? ______________ | a. Amino group, acid group, carbon backbone, R group |
| 40. Instructions coded in the _______ specify the order in which any of the 20 amino acids will occur in a given protein. | a. DNA |
| 41. In a polypeptide, what is the name of the bond that joins the amino group of one amino acid to the acid group of the next amino acid? | a. Peptide bond |
| 42. What is the name of the chemical reaction that joins two amino acids to make a protein? _______ | a. Condensation (also called dehydration) |
| 43. What is meant by each term? a. Primary structure ___, b. Secondary structure ____, c. Domain (also called tertiary structure) _____, d. Quaternary structure ___ | i. Sequence of amino acids, pattern of folding, overall functional unit, and two or more proteins joined together in association |
| 44. What is the difference between a lipoprotein and a glycoprotein? | a. The former is when various lipid products get attached to proteins for transport around the body and the latter is when various short-chained saccharides are attached to proteins. |
| 45. Skin, cartilage, hair, muscles, and brain are composed primarily of ____________. | a. Proteins |
| 46. How many polypeptides (called globins) make up each hemoglobin molecule ___ (write in a number) and what is the primary role of the heme group that is locked into the center of each globin? | a. 4, transport oxygen |
| 47. In someone who has sickle-cell anemia, what mutation has happened to the globin chain? | a. A single mutation has replaced the number 6 amino acid in the chain from glutamate to valine. |
| 48. With sickle-cell anemia, when oxygen levels are low, the mutation in the globin chain causes the red blood cells to change shape and form a ________ shape, which tend to block _____________ thus causing oxygen-__________ tissues. | a. Sickle, tiny blood vessels, starved |
| 49. What happens when a protein is denatured and why is this a problem? | a. Its precise folds and shape change, a problem because the protein no longer functions |
| 50. When I fried an egg the heat did not affect the strong covalent bonds, but it did affect the ________ bonds, thus causing the protein to unfold. | a. Hydrogen |
| 51. For the exam memorize any amino acid of your choice and be able to write the full structural formula. | Don't forget about this! |
| 52. What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide? ______ | a. Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing base |
| 53. Recognize the structural formula of the energy-carrying molecule, ATP. ___ | a. A nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups attached |
| 54. How many different nucleotides are found in the molecule DNA _______ (write #) and what are their names? | a. 4, adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine |
| 55. What are the two sides of the DNA molecule made of? _____ | a. Deoxyribose sugars bonded alternately with phosphate groups |
| 56. In a DNA strand, what kind of bond connects the nucleotides of one side with the nucleotides of the other side? | a. Hydrogen bonds |
| 57. What are the 3 things different about the nucleic acid, RNA? | a. Single strand molecule, ribose sugar, and uracil instead of thymine (nitrogen base) |
