| A | B |
|---|
| Gene mutations make new alleles by changing | nucleotide sequence in DNA |
| Gene mutations occur at | random |
| Gene mutations can be either ___ or ___ | benficial or harmful |
| chromosomal mutations can be a change in ___ or ___ of alleles | number or arrangement |
| a segment of the chromosome is inverted | inversion |
| exchange of chromsosme segments between nonhomologous chromosomes | translocations |
| allele is copied | duplication |
| allele is lost | deletion |
| Recombination is important in ___ organisms | sexually-reproducing |
| produces diff't gametes due to crossing over of non-sister chromatids | meiosis |
| Recombination is groupsing/combinations of _______ genes | polygenic trait |
| Recombination may produce a ______ allele combination | more favorable |
| gene freq. in gene pairs= | # of genes/# or alleles in popualtion |
| _____ deviseda formula to calculate the genetic allele and freq. of a pop. | Hardy-Weinberg |
| formula to calculate genetic allele and freq. of a pop. | p2 +2pq+q2=1 |
| p2= | % of homozygous dominant indiv. |
| p= | freq. of dominant alleles |
| q= | freq. of recessive alleles |
| q2 | freq. of homozygous recessive indiv. |
| Hardy-Weinberg Law tells what factors cause _____ | evolution |
| genetic equilibrium occurs if these 5 conditions are met: | 1-no mutations 2-no migration 3-no random mating 4-no genetic drift 4-no selective force favoring one genotype over another |
| the sum of small changes in a gene pool over a short period fo time (2 or more gen.) | microevolution |
| non-random mating 2 forms: | inbreeding and assorted mating |
| inbreeding may occur due to a _______ | reduced dispersal of the population, resulting in related traits |
| inbredding does change allele freq. and ______ the # of ______ chromsosmes at a loci | increases; homologous |
| when individuals are of the same phenotype | assorted mating |
| assorted mating results in the _____ of _______ of the characteristic that is phenotypic | increase, homozygotes |
| movement of alleles due to migration animals | gene flow/migration |
| there is an increased variation if migrating pop. brings in ____ | novel alleles |
| constant migration decreases ______ and ________ | allele freq. and speciation probability |
| changes in allele freq. due to chance | genetic drift |
| 2 isolated popuulations may become dissimilar if | some alleles are lost and othere fixed |
| Two types of genetic drift | founder effect, bottleneck effect |
| founding indivi. of a pop. may have a rare allele or allele combinations that increase freq. of those alleles in pop. | founder effect |
| occurs in pop. that hae come near extinctino possibly due to natural disaster or extensive hunting; pop. dwindles to a number so low that the vast variety of diff't alleles are lost and only a few remain | bottleneck effect |
| some differences betwn. individuals affect how well an organism is adapted to env't | differential adaptiveness |
| better environementally adpated individuals are more likely to reproduce thereby passing on those adaptations to increase % of offspring | differential reproduction |
| extent to which an organsism reproduces successfully and provides fertile offspring | fitness |
| fitness is the result of _____ | adaptation to an env. |
| opposes fitness, is a culmination of elements that lemet or prevents successful reproduction | selection |
| distribution of different phenotypes is usually a ______ curve | bell-shaped |
| three types of nat. selection: | directional, stabilizing, disruptive |
| when the extreme of a phenotype is favored and the bell-shaped curve shifts in that direction | directional selection |
| intermediate phenotype is selected to improve adaptation to elements of the env't that are constant | stabilizing selection |
| both extreme phenotypes are selected over intermediate | disruptive selection |
| change over time of one species into a diff't one or more species; result of change in alleleic and genotypic frequencies | speciation |
| members of a pop. that can breed together and produce fertile offspring | species |
| any structural, functional, or behavioral characteristic that prevents successful reproduction | reproductively isolated |
| species at some locale occuby different habitats | habitat isolation |
| species reproduce at different season and different times of day | temporal isolation |
| in animals, courtship behavior differs or the respond ot different songs, calls, pheromones, or other signals | behavioral isolation |
| genitalia unsuitable for one another | mechanical isolation |
| sperm cannot reach or fertilize egg | gamete isolation |
| fertilization occurs, but zygote does not survive | zygote mortality |
| hybrid survives but is sterile and cannot reproduce | hyprid sterility |
| hyprid is fertile but F2 has reduced fitness | F2 fitness |
| 2 types of speciation | sympatric speciation and allopatric speciation |
| pop. divides, 2 or more reproductively isolated groups w/o geo. isolation; a genetic difference occurs, usually result of polyploidy esp. in plants | sympatric speciation |
| pop. are separated by geographic barrier | allopatric speciation |
| occurs when many new sp. are rapidly developed from 1 sp. The new sp. are subjec to the founder effect and nat. selection | adaptive radiation |
