| A | B |
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| What were the First Three Wars? Where were the conflicts mainly? | King William's War, Queen Anne's War, King George's War-->battles were mainly in Europe |
| What happened during King William's War and Queen Anne's War? | English tried to take Quebec but failed-->Native Americans supported by the French burned English settlements-->English ultimately won both wars |
| What happened during King George's War? | British colonies were attacked by the French and Spanish-->New Englanders defended themselves and took Louisbourg from the French-->British gave back to France, in the peace treaty, in exchange for economic gains in India-->outraged New Englanders (who fought hard for the territory) |
| What was the 4th and most decisive war? Where were the conflicts mainly? | French and Indian War / Seven Years' War-->battles were mainly in the colonies |
| Who started the Seven Years' War? | British thought the French started the war by building a chain of forts in the Ohio River Valley (which the French did in order to stop the westward growth of the British colonies)-->Virginia's governor then sent a small army to stop the completion of Fort Duquesne (which would give English control of Ohio Valley region)-->force was taken captive-->started the war |
| George Washington | Commander of the small force sent to destroy Fort Duquesne-->surrendered after being overpowered by the French and their Native American allies |
| Who dominated the 1st phase of the French and Indian War? | The French-->British invasions kept failing/getting destroyed |
| General Edward Braddock | Attempted to free Washington and his army-->ultimately failed |
| What was the Albany Plan of Union and who made it? | (Made by Benjamin Franklin)-->provided for an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes from the various colonies for their common defense-->never took effect because the colonies' didn't want to give up their taxation powrs |
| William Pitt | Britain's new prime minister who concentrated on trying to conquer Canada-->accomplished with the retaking Louisbourg, the surrender of Quebec, and the taing of Montreal |
| Peace of Paris | Peace treaty that ended the Seven Years' War (and extended Britain's control of North America and ended French power in America)-->gave Great Britain French Canada and Spanish Florida-->France gave Spain its western territory in compensation for Spain's loss of Florida |
| What were the results of the Seven Years' War? | Great Britain obtained unchallenged control over North America and was recognized as the dominant naval power of the world |
| How did the British view the colonial military effort after the war ended? | Saw American military as poorly trained and weak-->saw the colonies as unable and unwilling to defend the new frontiers because of colonialists' refusal to donate troops/money during the war effort |
| How did the Colonialists view their participation in the Seven Years' War? | Were proud that they provided for their own defense-->weren't impressed with British troops or their leadership (whose methods weren't suited for America's geography) |
| Salutary Neglect | Policy where Britain had exercised little direct control over the colonies and allowed its navigation laws to go unenforced |
| What caused Britain to abandon its earlier policy of salutary neglect? | Britain was in debt due to the 4 expensive wars-->now had to maintain a large British military force to guard its American frontiers-->British landowners were demanding that the government reduce the heavy taxes created by the colonial wars |
| King George III | Aimed at solving Britain's domestic financial problems by making the American colonies bear more of the cost of maintaining the British empire |
| Whigs | Dominant political party in Parliament under George III-->supported George's new policy |
| Pontiac's Rebellion | Chief Pontiac led a major attack against colonial settlements on the western frontier (Indians were angered by the growing westward movement)-->allowed England to test it's new imperial policy when it sent regular British troops to deal with the "rebellion" |
| What was the Proclamation of 1763 and what were its results? | Prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains (British hoped it would help prevent future hostilities between colonists and Indians)-->colonists were angered and defied the Proclamation by moving further into the west |
| Lord George Grenville | King George III's chancellor of the treasury and prime minister-->made the Sugar, Quarter, and Stamp Acts |
| Sugar Act | Placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries-->was meant to raise money for the crown-->coupled with another law that made the Navigation Acts stricter (now people couldn't smuggle-->if caught, those accused would be tried in admiralty courts by crown-appointed judges without juries) |
| Quartering Act | Required colonists to provide food and shelter for British soldiers in the colonies |
| Stamp Act | Required revenue stamps to be placed on most printed paper in the colonies (including all legal documents, newspapers, etc.)-->was the first direct tax paid by the colonialists |
| Patrick Henry | Demanded, in the House of Burgesses, that the king's government recognize the rights of all citizens including no taxation without representation (voiced the nation's feelings) |
| James Otis | Called for cooperative action among the colonies to protest the Stamp Act |
| Stamp Act Congress | Formed by representatives from 9 colonies in New York-->said that only their elected representatives had the legal authority to approve taxes |
| Sons and Daughters of Liberty | Secret society organized for the purpose of intimidating tax agents (tarred and feathered officials)-->made the protest against the stamp act turn violent |
| Boycotts | Were the most effective form of protest in the colonies-->was a peaceful protest (Colonialists refused to buy any British imports) |
| What caused Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act? | Colonial boycotts of British imports decreased trade-->thus London merchants pressured Parliament to repeal the act |
| Declaratory Act | Asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever-->was made after the Stamp Act was repealed and during the colonialist's celebration (so was temporarily unnoticed) |
| Charles Townshend | Replaced Grenville and made the Townshend Acts |
| Townshend Acts | Created new taxes on colonial imports of tea, glass, and paper-->law required that the money be used to pay crown officials in the colonies thus making them independent of the colonial assemblies (that had previously paid their salaries)-->also resulted in the search of private homes for smuggled goods (all an official needed to conduct a search was a "writ of assistance" [a general search license] instead of a judge's warrant-->also suspended New York's assembly for the colon's defiance of the Quartering Act |
| How did the Colonists react to the Townshend Acts? | Colonists didn't strongly protest initially because they were indirect taxes paid by merchants at ports (not direct taxes on consumer goods) |
| John Dickinson | Wrote "Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania"-->Agreed that Parliament could regulate commerce but argued that because duties were a form of taxation, they could not be levied on the colonies without the consent of their representative (was against Townshend Acts) |
| Massachusetts Circular Letter | Written by James Otis and Samuel Adams-->urged colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts-->British officials in Boston ordered the letter retracted and threatened to disolve the legislature and increased the number of British troops in Boston-->Americans responded with another boycott of British goods |
| Lord Frederick North | Replaced Charles Townshend-->urged Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts because their effect was to damage trade and generate only small revenue-->removed acts (but Parliament kept tea tax) |
| Boston Massacre | Resulted form Bostonians' resentment of British troops in the colony-->crown was fired at (and 5 were killed) after harassing British troops-->Soldiers were tried and acquitted-->used to inflame anti-British feeling |
| John Adams | Defended the British soldiers of the Boston Massacre-->got them acquitted |
| Samuel Adams | Created the Committees of Correspondence-->kept alive ida that the British were working against the Colonists |
| Committees of Correspondence | Regularly exchanged letters about suspicious or potentiall threatening British activities |
| What was the Gaspee and why was it important? | Was a British customs ship that caught colonial smugglers-->crashed on shore-->colonists (dressed as indians) ordered the British crew ashore and then burned the ship-->Britain ordered an investigation to find and bring forth the guilty |
| Tea Act in 1773 | Passed by Parliament to help the British East India Company with its problems (because of the continued colonial boycott of tea)-->made the company's tea cheaper than the smuggled Dutch tea-->Americans continued the boycott (because buy tea would recognize Parliament's right to tax the colonies) |
| Boston Tea Party | Group of Bostonians (disguised as Native Americans) boarded the British tea-bearing ships and dumped the tea into the harbor |
| Intolerable Acts | Name given to the laws that Britain made in response to the Boston Tea Pary |
| The Port Act | Part of the Coercive Acts-->closed the port of Boston for trade in and out of it until the destroyed tea was payed for |
| The Massachusetts Government Act | Part of the Coercive Acts-->reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature and increased the power of the royal governor |
| The Administration of Justice Act | Part of the Coercive Acts-->allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of in the colonies |
| 4th Law of the Coercive Acts | Part of the Coercive Acts-->expanded Quartering Act to allow British troops to be sheltered in private homes in ALL colonies |
| Quebec Act (1774) | Passed alongside the Coercive Acts-->organized the Canadian lands gained from France-->established Roman Catholicism as the official religion of Quebec, set up a non-representative government, and extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio River |
| How did the American's react to the Quebec Act? | Saw it as a direct attack on American colonies because it took away land along the Ohio River-->the American Protestant (majority) resented recognition of |
| Enlightenment | European movement in literature and philosophy-->leaders elieved that the "darkness" of past ages could be corrected by the use of human reason in solving problems |
| John Lock | Thought that while the state/(government) is supreme, it must follow natural laws based on he rights that the people have because they are human-->said that sovereignty/power lies with the people and not the state-->said that if a government failed to protect people's rights, it could be rightfully destroyed by the people |
| Diesm | Believed that god established natural laws in creating the universe while divine intervention was minimal-->believed in rationalism and human reason to solve problems (thus emphasized science, reason, etc.)-->was main religion during Enlightenment |
