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| What is another name for polis? | City-state |
| Define the following types of government: democracy, oligarchy, aristocracy, monarchy | Democracy: a government run by the people of the nation; Oligarchy: a government ruled by a small group of citizens (rule is based on wealth or ability); Aristocracy: a government ruled by the nobility (rule is hereditary), Monarchy: a government ruled by a king. |
| List 3 legal rights Roman women had. | women could own property and leave their property to anyone they wanted meaning they had some legal rights |
| Identify at least 3 contributions Ancient Greece has made to today’s society. | Columns/architecture, sculptures, theater/drama, literature, poetry, studied & classified plants, democracy, Olympic games, philosophy, Hellenistic Language, advances in science & math, |
| Identify at least 3 Roman contributions that are still practiced worldwide today | . Coliseum (entertainment for the masses), roads, language, plumbing (aqueducts), and Republican form of government. |
| Based on geography, what did Greece’s economy heavily rely on | The ocean provided fishing industry and trade. |
| What were the 12 Tables and describe their significance. | . It was written down, publicly displayed, citizens were protected by these laws, politicians could no longer interpret the laws for their benefit. |
| What were the major accomplishments of Augustus Caesar? | During his rule, there was peace for 200 years. |
| What was the silk road? | A system of ancient caravans routes across Asia, along which traders carried silk, trade goods, and ideas (such as religion & math). There a map questions on the test for the silk road. |
| Describe how Confucius defined women’s roles in society. | . I don’t think this question is on the Final–I believe it is a “bank” question. Here is what students should know: Women are the rulers of the home, women are socially but not politically equal to men, women should be treated as equals to men in all areas. |
| Identify the 3 religions that use the ancient Hebrew laws and stories. | Christianity, Islam, & Judaism. |
| What is the oldest monotheistic religion? | Judaism |
| Identify the holy books of the major western religions | Islam: Koran or Qur’an, Christianity: Bible, Judaism: the Torah |
| Define Karma. | . In Hinduism & Buddhism, the totality of the good and bad deeds performed by a person, which is believed to determine his or her fate after rebirth |
| What are the similarities between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity? | Monotheistic, ethical code of conduct, Heaven & Hell, God, etc… |
| Define cultural diffusion and list an example | The spreading of ideas or products from culture to another. |
| Identify similarities and differences between Hinduism and Buddhism | Reincarnation, both religions originated in India, etc… |
| Define nirvana | The release from selfishness and pain |
| What is a covenant? | A mutual compromise or agreement, especially an agreement between God and the Hebrew people as recorded in the Bible |
| In Islam, who is the last great prophet? | Muhammad |
| Define the 5 Pillars of Islam | The major duties required of all Muslims |
| Compare the differences between the Sunni and Shi’a sects of Islam | The Shi’a believed the caliph needed to be a descendant of the Prophet. The Sunni did not outwardly resist the rule of the Umayyads |
| Where did the Black Plague originate | China |
| What were the effects of the Black Plague | Ended feudalism. |
| What were the similarities and differences between knights and samurai? | This is a chart on the test. |
| List 3 interactions between Asians and Europeans. | . The Crusades, trade via the Silk Road, & the Black Plague. |
| Define feudalism. | . Nobles granted fief from the King, society divided into pyramid-like structure, & nobles expected to defend their fief. A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live in the land. |
| What was the main goal of the Crusades? | To recover the Holy Land or Jerusalem from the Muslims. |
| Define the Justinian Code: | A body of civil law created for the Byzantine Empire |
| What were the main legacies of the Byzantine Empire? | Preserve Greek and Roman culture, follow Roman Law and creativity, spread Christianity to Russia |
| What was the Renaissance? | Time period from 1300 – 1600 when intellectual and artistic creativity exploded – “means rebirth |
| Define humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential & achievements |
| What were the effects of Gutenberg’s printing press | ? Enabled a printer to produce hundreds of copies, made books much cheaper and more widely distributed, & it created an increased desire for learning and literacy. |
| What were some of Machiavelli’s beliefs? | A political leader must be strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox. He might have to trick his enemies and his own people. He was not concerned with what was morally right, only what would be politically effective. A leader may sometimes need to mislead the people and lie to his opponents. A leader must work to gain the trust of others. |
| What were the causes of the Reformation? | The Printing press helped spread ideas that were critical of the Catholic Church, wealthy merchants resented having to pay taxes to the Church, & many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable. |
| What was the Pope’s response to the 95 Theses | The Pope excommunicated Luther |
| Define Predestination | The doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved. |
| What was the main reason for England’s split from the Catholic Church? | ? King Henry wanted to annul his marriage because he wanted to get married again and have a male heir. |
| Describe 3 of Lutheran’s main teachings. | All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible, all people of faith are equal, and people could win salvation only through faith & good works. |
| What are the effects of the Reformation? | ? Left Europe culturally divided, led to the establishment of new colleges and universities, the Roman Church became more unified, more modern nation-states developed, and the Church’s authority declined. |
| Identify the Christian sects that were created because of the Reformation | Lutheranism, Calvinism, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Anglicanism, etc… |
| What was the main criticism of the church prior to the Reformation? | Being overly concerned with worldly power and riches, selling indulgences, and clergy were getting married (having children out of wedlock). |
| How did the peasants react to Luther’s teachings? | At first the peasants tried to follow the teachings of Luther and apply them to society. However, Luther encouraged the German Princes to show no mercy against the peasants. Many peasants were killed so the peasants ended up rejected Luther and his teachings. |
| Define the Heliocentric theory | The theory that the sun is the center of the universe and the planets orbit around the sun. |
| List 3 achievements that were a result of the scientific revolution. | Improvements in medicine and scientific instruments such as: the microscope, mercury barometer, a vaccine for smallpox, and the creation of chemistry. |
| What did John Locke believe? | He believed that people were responsible and had the right to govern themselves, and had the right to life, liberty and property |
| What was the purpose of the English Bill of Rights | Increase Parliament’s power and limit the monarch’s power. |
| What was the Pope’s reaction to Galileo’s teachings? | ? He had him put on trial and house arrest. |
| What was the effect of new diseases on Native peoples in the Americas? | Many natives died from being exposed to the new diseases because they had no immunity against them |
| What was the result of the expeditions of Cortes and Pizarro? | Both the Inca and Aztec empires were wiped out. |
| The East traded which good to the West in the 1400s? | Spices |
| Which European country was the first to import enslaved Africans to the Americas | Spain |
| What were the 3 main motivations for exploration | God, Glory and Gold |
| What shortage did colonies face as a result of dwindling native populations from disease? | There was a shortage of labor in the colonies so the colonists needed to find a new source of labor and turned their focus on Africa. |
| Describe the effects of the slave trade on Africa | Many African cultures lost their fittest members and many families were torn apart. |
| Which group was primarily responsible for paying taxes prior to the French Revolution? | The taxes were paid almost entirely by members of the Third Estate |
| Describe the Reign of Terror and who it impacted. | During the reign of terror Maximillen Robespierre governed France like a dictator after King Louis XVI was beheaded by the guillotine. Nobody was safe from the Guillotine. Over 40,000 people were executed during this time period. |
| Why was Napoleon defeated in Russia? | There was an incredibly harsh winter in Russia the Napoleon’s army was unprepared to face. |
| What 3 ideas were established by the Congress of Vienna to restore peace in Europe | Legitimacy, balance of power, & compensation. Legitimacy: restored Europe’s royal families to the thrones they held before Napoleon (Spain, Italy, France & central Europe). Balance of power: France remained a major, but diminished European power and the countries around France were strengthened so prevent France from trying to overpower them. |
| Define the National Assembly. | It was originally established by the Third Estate to pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people. This assembly would end rule by absolute monarchy and begin a representative form of government |
| What is the Napoleonic Code? | A new law system implemented by Napoleon. |
| Why was Louis XVI tried for treason? | He was caught asking the Austrian King to help restore his thrown |
| What was symbolic of the storming of the Bastille | It was a symbolic act of revolution and the Bastille represented the power of King Louis XVI so they French people had symbolically overthrown the king. |
| What event caused the greatest human loss under Napoleon? | This is a timeline – answer: the invasion of Russia. There is a total of 3 questions on the Final exam using this timeline. |
| What were the long-term results of the Industrial Revolution? | The quality of clothing, the average person’s diet, & transportation all improved during this time period. There was a general rise in the standard of living. During this time period that was an increase in jobs for workers, the nation’s wealth increased, and and there was an increase in the production of goods. There was an increase in urbanization, the size of the middle class increased, and the length of an average work day also increased. Factory conditions did NOT improve during this time period. The living conditions in cities did NOT improve |
| Who is Karl Marx and what type of government or society did he support? | Karl Marx was a German who believed in a radical type of socialism. He called this radical form of socialism - Communism. |
| Define the Industrial Revolution. | Increased output of machine-made goods that began in |
| Identify the 3 factors needed to drive the industrial revolution | Factors of production: Land, labor, capital (or wealth). |
| Define socialism and communism | In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. Communism is a form of socialism in which the means of production (all land, mines, factories, railroads, & businesses) would be owned by the people and private ownership would cease to exist. |
