| A | B |
|---|
| Phenotype | The physical appearance determined by the genotype |
| Heredity | The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring |
| Nucleus | Organelle that holds all of the cell's information |
| Egg cell | The female gamete |
| Selective breeding | Crossing of two organisms to bring out desirable traits |
| DNA | The name of the molecule that stores all of the cell's information |
| Gregor Mendel | The father of modern genetics |
| Reccesive trait | Name Mendel gave to the trait that seemed to disappear in one generation and then reappear in another |
| Gametes | Sex cells that contain one half of the chromosomes of a regular cell |
| Zygote | Anothe name for a fertilized egg |
| Genotype | The inherited combination of alleles (one from Mom and one from Dad) |
| Genes | Segments of DNA that code for a particular trait |
| Meiosis | Greek word meaning reduction (in the number of chromosomes) |
| Punnett Square | Diagram used to visualize the inherited combination of alleles |
| Chromosomes | genes are located on these structures (that are made from DNA and histone proteins) |
| Alleles | Alternate forms of a gene that code for a specific trait |
| Homozygous dominant | Genotype that consists of a combination of two domonant alleles |
| Trait | A physical characteristic determined by a gene |
| Homozygous recessive | Gentype that consists of a combination of two recessive alleles |
| Sperm | The male gamete |
| Heterozygous | Genotype that consists of one dominant allele and one recessive allele |
| Probability | Matmatical description of the chances that two events will occur |
| Dominant trait | Name Mendel gave to the trait that appeared 100% of the time in the first generation of pea plant crosses |
| Pistil | The female part of a flower, contains the egg |
| Stamen | Male part of a flower |
| Self pollination | Flower that can use it's own pollen to fertilize it's own egg |
| Anther | Part of the stamen (male flower part) that supplies the pollen |
| Cross pollination | Taking pollen from one flower and fertilizing a flower on another plant |
| Mitosis | division of a cell that results in two new identical cells |
| Interphase | Stage that cell spends 90% of it's life in (chromosomes and organelles are duplicated) |
| Prophase | Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle forms from centrioles |
| Metaphase | Duplicated chromosomes line up on spindles along the cell's equator |
| Anaphase | Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends (poles) of the cell |
| Telophase | Nuclear envelope forms around the two new sets of chromosomes |
| Cytokinesis | Cell divides up the cytoplasm between the two new cells which now separate into two cells |
| F1 | The first generation of a cross between two organisms |
| F2 | The second generation of a cross between two organisms from the F1 generation |
| Homologous pairs | Pairs of chromosomes that are alike in size and the type of genes they carry |
| Karyotype | A picture profile of all of the chromosomes found in the nucleus of a particular organism |
| Sex chromosomes | Pair of chromosomes that differ in size but will determine if the organism will be male or female (X and Y chromosomes) |
