| A | B |
|---|
| The process of making proteins inside cells is called ______. | protein synthesis |
| Which organelle is DNA located in? | nucleus |
Which type of nucleic acid can't leave the nucleus?, 
| DNA |
| On which organelle are proteins made? | ribosomes,
|
| Where are ribosomes located? | out in the cytoplasm,
|
| The process of making a strand of m-RNA in the nucleus is called _____. | transcription |
| What are four differences between RNA and DNA? | 1) RNA is single-stranded instead of double 2) RNA has the nucleotide uracil in place of thymine 3) RNA can leave the nucleus and DNA can't 4) RNA includes the sugar called ribose while DNA includes the sugar called deoxyribose |
| Which nucleotide do you find in RNA but not DNA?,
| uracil |
| Uracil bonds to _____ at the nitrogenous base. | adenine |
| The process of using the code on RNA to make a long chain of amino acids in the correct order to form a protein is called _____. | translation |
| Which type of molecule brings amino acids to the site of protein synthesis? | transfer RNA (t-RNA) |
| Which molecule attaches to a ribosome and serves as a code for putting amino acids together? | messenger RNA (m-RNA) |
| How many nucleotides are needed to code for 1 amino acid?,
| 3 |
| How many different types of amino acids are used to make proteins? | 20 |
| Each set of 3 nucleotides on a strand of m-RNA are called a _____.,
| codon |
| How many nucleotides are found at the bottom of a molecule of t-RNA and are involved with bonding to m-RNA? | 3 |
| How many amino acids are found attached to a molecule of t-RNA? | 1 |
| A change in the sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA will cause a ____.,
| mutation |
| Mutations that are harmful are usually weeded out by ______. | natural selection |
| Mutations in a gene that are helpful usually become part of the gene pool as a new ____. | allele (a different form of a gene) |
Which amino acid would the codon sequence AGU call for?,  | Serine, |
| Which enzyme is required for transcription? | RNA Polymerase (remember, you are making RNA during transcription) |
| What are the three types of RNA that have major roles in protein synthesis? | m-RNA (messenger RNA), t-RNA (transfer RNA) and r-RNA (ribosomal RNA) |
| Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells? | In the nucleus |
| Where does translation occur? | Out in the cytoplasm on ribosomes. |
| Genes contain instructions for assembling ___. | polypeptides (It is often said that genes code for making proteins, but this is not always technically correct. Many proteins have a quaternary structure, with several intertwined polypeptides. In this case, no single gene has the code for making the finished protein. Each polypeptide that makes up the protein is coded for by a different gene) |
| Proteins are made out of ____. | amino acids |
The picture below is called the ____.,  | genetic code, |
| What type of molecule is a codon found on? | m-RNA (the term codon is also sometimes used for the DNA base triplet along the non-template strand. These codons are complementary to the template strand and thus identical to the m-RNA codon other than the substitution of uracil for thymine in the m-RNA) |
| What was the name of the scientist(s) whose work on bread mold, using X-rays to disable genes, provided strong support for the one-gene one enzyme hypothesis? | Beadle and Tatum (the one-gene one enzyme hypothesis was later modified to the one gene, one polypeptide hypothesis since not all proteins are enzymes and proteins with a quaternary structure are coded for by several genes) |
| What are two evolutionary advantages to using RNA as an intermediate for protein synthesis? | 1) Allows DNA to stay protected inside the nucleus 2) Allows multiple copies of a gene to be made and used at the same time and each RNA copy can be used repeatedly so that many copies of the same protein can be made simultaneously |
| The transcription of a protein-coding eukaryotic gene results in pre-mRNA (a.k.a. ___________) and _________ yields the finished mRNA. | primary transcript, RNA processing |
| Only one of the two DNA strands is transcribed during transcription. This strand is called the _____ strand. | template strand (Interestingly enough, one of the two DNA strands may serve as the template strand for some of the genes on the chromosome, but not others) |
| Messenger RNA codons are read in the _______ direction by the translation machinery. | 5' --> 3' direction |
| If a recently manufactured protein has a primary structure that is 1000 amino acids long, how many nucleotides long was the coding part of the mRNA molecule used as the instructions for that protein? | 3000 (remember, it takes 3 nucleotides to code for each amino acid) |
| A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene is called a(n) _______. | insertion |
| A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene is called a(n) ______. | intron (the part of the mRNA that is transcribed from DNA introns, but is cut out before the mRNA exits the nucleus, is also called an intron) |
| A violation of the base-pairing rules in that the third nucleotide (5'end) of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a mRNA codon. | wobble |
| A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell is called a(n) ______. | signal peptide,  |
| The specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule is called a(n) _______. | anticodon ("B" in the picture below),  |
Which amino acid is represented by the shape with the question mark in the picture below? Use the chart to find the answer.,  | Serine,  |
| The removal of the noncoding portions (introns) of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis and the subsequent attachment of the remaining coding portions (exons) to each other is called ______. | RNA splicing |
| The 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine triphosphate is called the _____. | 5' cap (Both the 5' cap and poly-A-tail share several important functions. First, they seem to facilitate the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus. Second, they seem to help protect the mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes in the cytoplasm. And third, once the mRNA reaches the cytoplasm, both structures help ribosomes attach the 5' end of the mRNA),  |
| A _____ mutation occurs when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is NOT a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codons. | frameshift |
| Which type of mutations can lead to frameshift mutations? | insertions or deletions that are not in multiples of three |
| A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex. | TATA box,  |
| The DNA strand that temporarily binds RNA nucleotides during transcription is called the _________. | template strand |
| Where are ribosomes constructed and what are they composed of? | nucleolus, r-RNA and protein (the large and small subunits of the ribosome are constructed in the nucleolus but never come together until they start the process of transcription in the cytoplasm, after which, they come apart again),  |
| A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation is called a(n) ______. | mutagen |
What is "A" in the picture below?,  | polyribosome (a.k.a. polysome), |
| A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA is called the _____. | promoter, |
| A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides is called a(n) ______. | base-pair substitution |
| The premise that a gene is a segment of DNA that codes for one polypeptide. | One gene-one polypeptide hypothesis |
| The enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription is called _____. | RNA polymerase,  |
| The most common type of mutation; a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid. | missense mutation ("A" in the picture below),  |
| A point mutation in which one or more nucleotides pairs are lost from a gene is called a(n) ______. | deletion (deletions can also happen at the chromosomal level in which case they are called chromosomal deletions) |
| The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides. | poly-A-tail (Both the 5' cap and poly-A-tail share several important functions. First, they seem to facilitate the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus. Second, they seem to help protect the mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes in the cytoplasm. And third, once the mRNA reaches the cytoplasm, both structures help ribosomes attach the 5' end of the mRNA), |
| A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. | nonsense mutation |
| In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene. | terminator |
| What breaks a ribosome into the large and small subunits? | A Chuck Norris knife-hand chop, of course. |
| An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing is called a(n) ______. | ribozyme |
| The way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA into codons. | reading frame |
| What are two names for the initial RNA transcript? | primary transcript or pre-mRNA,  |
| _____ is the most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins forms the structure of ________. | rRNA (ribosomal-RNA), ribosomes |
| One of a ribosomes three binding sites; it holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. | P site (P stands for peptidyl tRNA site),  |
| Modification of RNA before it leaves the nucleus in eukaryotes is called _____. | RNA processing,  |
| A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from the ribosome. | signal-recognition particle (SRP), |
| One of the ribosomes three binding sites; it holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. | A site (Aminoacyl tRNA site), |
| An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA | aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase,  |
| A type of protein that is often used to help polypeptide chains fold correctly. | chaperonin (chaperone protein),  |
| A type of regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns. | alternative RNA splicing |
| A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of specific genes. | transcription factor, |
| A region of a DNA molecule that is transcribed into an RNA molecule. | transcription unit,  |
| A complex assembly that interacts with the end of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons. | spliceosome,  |
| DNA and RNA are read as a _____ code. | triplet code |
| A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair. | point mutation |
| The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter. | transcription initiation complex, |
| The coding region of a eukaryotic gene; when transcribed into mRNA, it is the coding part of mRNA that leaves the nucleus. | exon, |
What is "A" in the picture below?,  | an amino acid, |
| What is "B" in the picture below?, | aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (an enzyme that pairs amino acids with their correct t-RNA), |
| What is "C" in the picture below?, | t-RNA, |
| What is "D" in the picture below?, | aminoacyl tRNA, |
What is "A" in the picture of the mRNA below?,  | 5' cap (Both the 5' cap and poly-A-tail share several important functions. First, they seem to facilitate the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus. Second, they seem to help protect the mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes in the cytoplasm. And third, once the mRNA reaches the cytoplasm, both structures help ribosomes attach the 5' end of the mRNA), |
| What is "B" in the picture of the mRNA below?, | 5' UTR (Untranslated regions are parts of the mRNA that will not be translated into proteins, but they have other functions such as ribosome binding), |
| What is "F" in the picture of the mRNA below?, | 3' UTR (Untranslated regions are parts of the mRNA that will not be translated into proteins, but they have other functions such as ribosome binding), |
| What is "C" in the picture of the mRNA below?, | start codon, |
| What is "D" in the picture of the mRNA below?, | protein-coding segment, |
| What is "E" in the picture of the mRNA below?, | stop codon, |
| What is "G" in the picture of the mRNA below?, | Polyadenylation signal, |
| What is "H" in the picture of the mRNA below?, | Poly-A-tail (Both the 5' cap and poly-A-tail share several important functions. First, they seem to facilitate the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus. Second, they seem to help protect the mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes in the cytoplasm. And third, once the mRNA reaches the cytoplasm, both structures help ribosomes attach the 5' end of the mRNA), |
Which process belongs in the darker red box in the picture below?,  | transcription, |
| Which process belongs in the pink box in the picture below?, | RNA processing, |
| Which process belongs in the light blue box in the picture below?, | translation, |
What is "A" pointing to in the picture below?,  | signal recognition particle (SRP);, |
| What is "B" pointing to in the picture below?, | Signal peptide (different signal peptides are used to target polypeptides to ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts, the interior of the nucleus and other organelles), |
| What is "C" pointing to in the picture below?, | SRP receptor protein, |
What is "A" pointing to in the picture below?,  | protein, |
| What is "B" pointing to in the picture below?, | snRNA (small nuclear RNA), |
| What is "C" pointing to in the picture below?, | snRNP (Pronounced "snurp" it stands for small nuclear ribonucleoproteins), |
| What is "D" pointing to in the picture below?, | spliceosome, |
What is "A" pointing to in the picture below?,  | Promoter, |
| What is "B" pointing to in the picture below?, | TATA box, |
| What is "C" pointing to in the picture below?, | transcription factors, |
| What is "D" pointing to in the picture below?, | RNA polymerase, |
What is "A" pointing to in the picture below?,  | mRNA binding site, |
| What is "B" pointing to in the picture below?, | small ribosomal subunit, |
| What is "C" pointing to in the picture below?, | P site, |
| What is "D" pointing to in the picture below?, | E site, |
| What is "E" pointing to in the picture below?, | A site, |
| What is "F" pointing to in the picture below?, | Large ribosomal subunit, |
| What is "G" pointing to in the picture below?, | start codon, |
What is "A" pointing to in the picture below?,  | release factor,  |
| What is "B" pointing to in the picture below?, | stop codon, |
| What is "A" pointing to in the picture below?, | amino acid attachment site of tRNA, |
| What is "B" pointing to in the picture below?, | anticodon of tRNA, |
