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| What was Lincoln's position on how the conquered southern states be treated (after the Civil War)? | The former states of the Confederacy should be treated as states that had never really left the Union |
| What was the opposing position to Lincoln's on how the conquered southern states should be treated (after the Civil War)? | The former states of the Confederacy should be treated as conquered territory subject to continued military occupation |
| What did the Republicans in the North want for the south after the end of the Civil War? Why? | Wanted to continue the economic progress begun during the war because the southern aristocracy still needed a cheap labor force to work its plantations |
| What did the freedmen and women hope to achieve? Was it realized? Why or why not? | They hoped to achieve independence and equal rights but traditional beliefs limited the actions of the federal government and constitutional concepts of limited government and states' rights discouraged national leaders from taking bold action (also, little economic help was given to either whites or blacks in the South because most Americans believed that free people in a free society had both an opportunity and a responsibility to provide for themselves) |
| Who was going to have to rebuild the South? | The states and individuals (while the federal government concentrated on political issues) |
| What was Abraham Lincoln's belief/view of the southern states leaving the Union? What did the Confederates represent in his view? | Believed that the southern states could not constitutionally leave the Union and therefore never did leave. The Confederates represented only a disloyal minority |
| Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863) | Was a process for Political Reconstruction (=reconstructing the state governments in the South so that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists) = Provided full presidential pardons to be granted to most southerners who either took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S. Constitution and/or accepted the emancipation of slaves = It also provided for a state government to be reestablished and accepted as legitimate by the U.S. president as soon as at least 10% of the voters in that state took the loyalty oath |
| What did Lincoln's proclamation mean in practice and what was it designed to do? | That each southern state would be required to rewrite its state constitution to eliminate the existence of slavery = it was designed to oth shorten the war and give added weight to his Emancipation Proclamation |
| Why did many Republicans in Congress object to Lincoln's 10% plan? | They felt that it would allow a supposedly reconstructed state government to fall under the domination of disloyal secessionists |
| Wade-Davis Bill (1864) | Proposed far more demanding terms for Reconstruction than the Proclamation= It required 50% of the voters of a state to take a loyalty oath and it also permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution |
| Freedmen's Bureau (1865) | (a.k.a. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands) Passed by congress and acted as a kind of early welfare agency providing food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the war (freed slaves**, blacks, homeless whites)= Originally had authority to resettle freed blacks on confiscated farmlands in the South (but its efforts at resettlement were later hurt when President Johnson pardoned Confederate owners of the confiscated lands and courts then restored most of the lands to their original owners) |
| Who led the Freedmen's Bureau and what was it's greatest success? | General Oliver O. Howard led the bureau and its greatest success was in education= Made many schools and before federal funding stopped, there many Africans could read |
| What was Lincoln's last speech about? | (April 11, 1865) Lincoln encouraged northerners to accept Louisiana as a reconstructed state (Louisiana had already drawn up a new constitution that abolished slavery in the state and provided for African Americans' education)= He also was wanted freedmen to be allowed to vote (this was similar to Radical Republican positions) |
| How did Andrew Johnson rise in Tennessee politics? | By championing the interests of poor whites in their economic conflict with rich planters |
| What was so unique about Andrew Johnson? | He was the only senator from a Confederate state who remained loyal to the Union |
| Why was Andrew Johnson picked by Republicans to be Lincoln's running mate in 1864 and why was this odd? | He was picked in order to encourage pro-Union Democrats to vote for the Union (Republican) party= This was odd because he was a southern Democrat |
| Was Johnson good for the Republicans as president? Why or why not? | No because as a white supremacist, the new president was bound to clash with Republicans in Congress who believed that the war was fought not just to preserve the Union but also to liberate blacks from slavery |
| Why were many Republicans in Congress initially very welcoming/accepting of Johnson's presidency? | Because of his apparent hatred for the southern aristocrats who had led the Confederacy |
| Johnson's Reconstruction Policy (1865) | Similar to Lincoln's 10% plan but in addition to Lincoln's terms, it provided for the disfranchisement (loss of the right to vote and hold office) of all former leaders and officeholders of the Confederacy and Confederates with more than $20,000 in taxable property= The president also retained the power to grant individual pardons to "disloyal" southerners |
| What was significant about Johnson's Reconstruction Policy and why? | That the president retained the power to grant individual pardons to "disloyal" southerners because this was an escape clause for the wealthy planters (which Johnson used frequently)= As a result of the president's pardons, many former Confederate leaders were back in office (by 1865) |
| How many of the ex-Confederate states qualified under the President's Reconstruction plan to become functioning parts of the Union? Why? | 11 ex-Confederate states qualified because the southern states drew up constitutions that repudiated secession, negated the debts of the Confederate government, and ratified the 13th Amendment (abolishing slavery) |
| What was bad about the new constitutions of the southern states? | None of the new constitutions extended voting rights to blacks |
| Why were Republicans upset with the result of Johnson's Reconstruction Policy? | Because former leaders of the Confederacy were elected to seats in Congress (EX: Alexander Stephens= Former Confederate vice president who was elected U.S. senator from Georgia |
| Black Codes | Restricted the rights and movements of the newly freed African Americans= They prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land, placed freedmen into a form of semi-bondage by forcing them as "vagrants" and "apprentices" to sign work contracts, and they prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court |
| Contract-Labor System | (Created by Black Codes) Labor system in which blacks worked the cotton fields under white supervision for deferred wages (similar to slavery) |
| Why did the Republicans dislike the Black Codes? | Because they restricted the rights and movements of the newly freed African Americans (this increased their dislike of Johnson) |
| What was the result of the northern Republicans dislike of Johnson? | In 1866, they refused to seat Alexander Stephens and other elected representatives and senators from ex-Confederate states |
| What 2 bills did Johnson veto and what was the result? | He vetoed a bill that increased the services and protection offered by the Freedmen's Bureau and a civil rights bill that nullified the Black Codes and guaranteed full citizenship and equal rights to blacks= The vetoes angered the Republicans even more |
| Swing Around the Circle | Johnson's campaign for the Election of 1866 where he traveled the country (unable to work with Congress) giving speeches that appealed to the racial prejudices of whites by arguing that equal rights for blacks would result in an "Africanized" society |
| How did the Republicans counterattack Johnson's Swing Around the Circle? | They accused Johnson of being a drunkard and a traitor and appealed to anti-southern prejudices by employing a campaign tactic known as "Waving the Bloody Shirt" |
| Waving the Bloody Shirt | Campaign tactic used by the Republicans that that inflamed the hatreds of northern voters by reminding them of the hardships of war |
| What did Republican propaganda during the Election of 1866 focus on? | The fact that southerners were Democrats= They branded the entire Democratic party as a party of rebellion and treason |
| What was the result of the Election of 1866? | The Republicans won and they took control of Congress with more than 2/3 majority in both the House and Senate |
| How many rounds of Reconstruction were there? | 3 |
| What was the first round of Reconstruction? | (1863-1866) Directed by presidents Lincoln and Johnson who, through executive powers, restored the 11 ex-Confederate states to their former position in the Union= The return of ex-Confederates to high offices and the passage of the Black Codes by southern legislatures angered the Republicans in Congress |
| What was the second round of Reconstruction? | (Congressional Reconstruction) Republican party in the South reorganized and dominated the governments of the ex-Confederate states= Each Republican-controlled government was under the military protection of the U.S. Army until Congress was satisfied that a state had met its Reconstruction requirements (then the troops were withdrawn) |
| What were the 2 types of Republicans | Moderate Republicans who were chiefly concerned with economic gains for the white middle class (wanted to extend equal rights to ALL Americans) and Radical Republicans who championed civil rights for blacks |
| What were the majority of Republicans? | Initially, the majority were moderates, but they later shifted towards the radical position because of their fear that a reunified Democratic party might become dominant again (because no that the federal census counted blacks as equal to whites, no longer applying the old 3/5's rule for slaves, the South would have more representatives in Congress than before the war and more strength in the electoral college in future presidential elections) |
| Charles Sumner | Leading Radical Republican in the Senate |
| Thaddeus Stevens | Leading Radical Republican in the House who hoped to revolutionize southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, would be educated in schools operated by the federal government, and would receive lands confiscated from the planter class |
| Benjamin Wade | Leading Radical Republican who fought for women's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | Proclaimed all African Americans to be U.S. citizens (thus repudiating the decision in the Dred Scott case) and also attempted to provide a legal shield against the operation of the southern states' Black Codes |
| Fourteenth Amendment | Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. were citizens and obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law" (was made to protect the Civil Rights Act) |
| What was so important about the 14th Amendment? | For the 1st time, the states (not just the U.S. government) were required by the U.S. Constitution to uphold the rights of citizens |
| How did the 14th Amendment apply to Congress' plan of Reconstruction? | It disqualified former confederate political leaders from holding either state or federal offices, repudiated the debts of the defeated governments of the Confederacy, and penalized a state if it kept any eligible person from voting by reducing that state's proportional representation in Congress and the electoral college |
| What did the Joint Committee of the House and Senate claim? | (1866) House and the Senate issued a report recommending that the reorganized former states of the Confederacy were not entitled to representation in Congress and thus those elected from the South as senators and representatives should not be allowed to take their seats= It further asserted that Congress (not the president) had the authority to determine the conditions for allowing reconstructed states to rejoin the Union (thus, Congress officially rejected the presidential plan of Reconstruction) |
| Reconstruction Acts of 1867 | 3 Reconstruction acts passed by Congress (in response to Johnson's vetoes) which placed the South under military occupation= They divided the former Confederate states in 5 military districts (each under the control of the Union army) and increased the requirements for gaining readmission to the Union (to win readmission, an ex-Confederate state had to ratify the 14th Amendment and place guarantees in its constitution for granting the right to vote to all adult males regardless of race) |
| Tenure of Office Act | (Passed by Congress in 1867) Law that prohibited the president from removing a federal oficial or military commander without the approval of the Senate (act was probably unconstitutional)= The purpose of the law was just political (Congress wanted to protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet, like Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, who was in charge of the military governments in the South) |
| What was Johnson's response to the Tenure of Office Act? What was the result? | Johnson challenged it by dismissing Stanton on his own authority= In response, the House impeached Johnson (charged with 11 high crimes) making him the 1st president to be impeached (was not thrown out of office because they did not get the 2/3 votes required to remove him)= 7 moderate Republicans joined the Democrats against conviction because they thought it was bad to remove a president for political reasons |
| General Ulysses S. Grant | Presidential candidate for the Republicans who had no political experience (was popular in the north but oddly got more northern votes than his Democratic opponent)= He and the Republicans won due to the large support/amount of the black voters |
| Fifteenth Amendment | Prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude= Was passed by Republicans in Congress because the black voters could/would help them dominate elections |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | Law that guaranteed equal accommodations in public places (hotels, railroads, and theaters) and prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries= Was poorly enforced because both moderate and conservative Republicans were frustrated with trying to reform the stubborn South (and were also afraid of losing white votes in the North) |
| Who dominated the radical/Republican state governments in the South? | Whites were in the majority in both houses of the legislature (except South Carolina where the freedmen controlled the lower house)= Republican legislators included native-born white southerners, freemen, newly arrived northerners |
| What were the nicknames given to the Republicans by the Democrats? | Scalawags= name given to southern Republicans || Carpetbaggers= name given to northern newcomers |
| Describe the southern whites who supported the Republican governments? | They were usually former Whigs who were interested in economic development for their state and peace between the sections |
| Why did so many northerners move to the south (during Reconstruction)? | Some were investors interested in setting up new businesses and others were missionaries and teachers who went with humanitarian goals (some also went to plunder) |
| Describe the blacks who held elective office in the reconstructed state governments | They were educated property holders who took moderate positions on most issues (Republicans supported many) |
| What are some of the positive things that the Republicans did during their rule of the south during reconstruction? | They liberalized state constitutions in the South by providing for universal male suffrage, property rights for women, debt relief, and modernized penal codes= They also promoted the building of roads, bridges, railroads, and other internal improvements, established state needed institutions (i.e. hospitals, asylums)= They also established state-supported public school systems in the South (which benefited both whites and blacks)= They payed for these improvements by overhauling tax systems and issuing bonds |
| What are some of the negative things that the Republicans did during their rule of the south during reconstruction? | Republican politicians took advantage of their power to take kickbacks and bribes from contractors who did business with the state (i.e. were corrupt, greedy, and wasteful of money) |
| What did freedom/emancipation mean to freedmen and women? | (Reuniting families, learning to read/write, moving to cities) Was an opportunity for achieving independence from white control |
| Where was the freed blacks happiness/drive for freedom most evident? | In the founding of many independent black churches after the war (EX: "Negro Baptist" and "African Methodist Episcopal")= Black ministers became leading figures in the black community during Reconstruction |
| What did black's freedom drive them to do in regards to education and migration? | Blacks founded many schools (during the Reconstruction) to train black ministers and teachers= Blacks also migrated from the South and estalished new black communities in frontier states (EX: Kansas) |
| Why was the South's agricultural economy in turmoil after the war? | Because its labor force was gone |
| How did the South try to cope with its agricultural economic problems after the war? Why did this initial attempt fail? | White landowners tried to force freed blacks into signing contracts to work the fields= The contracts bound the signer to permanent and unrestricted labor (just like slavery)= The contract system failed due to the blacks' desire for freedom |
| Sharecropping | System where the landlord provided the seed and other needed farm supplies in return for a share (usually 1/2) of the harvest)= Although it offered poor blacks and whites land to work-on for themselves, sharecroppers ususally remained either dependent on the landowners or in debt to local merchants (No more than 5% of southern blacks had managed to realize their dreams of becoming independent landowners) |
| What drove the North's economy in the postwar years? | The Industrial Revolution and the pro-business policies of the Republicans (they focused not on the south's reconstruction but on steel, money, etc.) |
| What is significant about the time of Grant's Administration in terms of ideology? | Material interests took center stage, pushing aside Lincoln's generation and the radical Republicans' crusade for civil rights |
| The leadership of the Republican party passed from the reforms to whom in the 1870s? | From reformers to political manipulators who were masters of the game of Patronage (=giving jobs and government favors/spoils to their supports) |
| Jay Gould and James Fisk | (During Grant's administration) Were 2 Wall Street financiers who obtained the help of President Grant's brother-in-law in a scheme to corner the gold market= The Treasury Department broke the scheme but not before Gould made a huge profit) |
| Credit Mobilier Affair | (During Grant's administration) When insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation of the profits they were making (up to 348%) from government subsidies for building the transcontinental railroad |
| Whiskey Ring | (During Grant's administration) When federal revenue agents conspired with the liquor industry to defraud the government of millions in taxes |
| What were the years of Grant's presidency like? | Full of greedy men and actions |
| Election of 1872 | The scandals of the Grant administration drove reform-minded Republicans to break with the party in 1872= These Liberal Republicans called for civil service reform, an end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade= Grant won again |
| Panic of 1873 | (During Grant's second term) Was caused by overspeculation by financiers and overbuilding by industry and railroads which led to widespread business failures and depression= Debtors on the farms and in the cities wanted an Inflationary (=easy-money solution by demanding Greenback paper money that was not supported by gold)= Grant finally agreed with the hard-money bankers who called for gold-backed money |
| What was the third round of Reconstruction? | Was the final round of Reconstruction= Southern conservatives, known as Redeemers, took control of many state governments (as the Radical Republicans were in decline) |
| Describe the Redeemers | Men who had different social and economic backgrounds but agreed on the political program of states' rights, reduced taxes, reduced spending on social programs, and white supremacy |
| Ku Klux Klan | (Founded 1867 by ex-Confederate general Nathaniel Bedford Forrest) Invisible empire that intimidated black and white reformers by burning black-owned buildings and flogging/murdering freedmen to keep them from exercising their voting rights |
| Amnesty Act of 1872 | Passed by Congress that removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders= It resulted in allowing southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments (was originally made to show good feelings between North and South) |
| Compromise of 1877 | Was made in response to the Election of 1876 where the Republicans defeated the Democrats (who then threatened to take the results to the House, which they controlled)= Said hayes would become president on the condition that he would immediately end federal support for the Republicans in the South and also support the building of a southern transcontinental railroad |
| What did the end of federal military presence in the South signify? | The end of Reconstruction= Resulted in many blacks and whites to stay as poor farmers |
