| A | B |
|---|
| gene pool | the combined genetic information of all members of a particular population |
| relative frequency | the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the total number of alleles |
| single-gene trait | characteristic controlled by a single gene that has two alleles |
| polygenic trait | characteristic controlled by two or more genes with many different alleles |
| directional selection | individuals at one end have higher fitness than individuals in middle or other end of normal curve |
| stabilizing selection | individuals near the center have higher fitness than those at either end |
| disruptive selection | individuals at both the upper and lower ends have higher fitness than those in the middle |
| genetic drift | random change of allele frequencies in large populations |
| founder effect | gene frequencies change due to the migration of a small subgroup of the population |
| Hardy Weinberg Principle | allele frequencies will remain constant unless one or more factors cause a change (p2 + 2pq + q2 =1) |
| genetic equilibrium | situation in which gene frequencies will remain constant |
| speciation | changes that lead to the formation of a new species |
| reproductive isolation | members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| behavioral isolation | populations capable of interbreeding but differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors prevent it |
| geographic isolation | natural barriers like rivers mountains or bodies of water prevent interbreeding |
| temporal isolation | populations are capable of interbreeding but are prove td from doing so because they reproduce at different times |
| mutation | any change in a sequence of DNA |
| gene shuffling | remixing or recombination of genetic traits in sexual reproduction |
