| A | B |
|---|
| Four-Part Analogy | horse : horse-s :: pig : pig-s --> cow : cow-s |
| Leveling | ceosan, ceas, curon, gecoren becomes choose, chose, chose, chosen. Also in verbs like lose, rise, freeze, or in Vulgar latin to romance languages when the accusative got generalized by adding s to form plurals |
| Backformation | pease -> 1 pea, two peas; same with cherise -> cherry, cherries |
| Blending | brunch; ku ->kine; telethon; feets; flandom |
| Contamination | heighth; male/female v. male/femelle |
| Rhyming Formation | bang, bash, batter, clang, clash, clatter...wining and dining, helter-skelter |
| Ablaut/ apophony | sing/sang, sing/song |
| Reanalysis | behave --> but I’m being have; a nice man; apron/napkin |
| Recomposition | huswif/hussy/housewife; ciriyeard/churchyard |
| Folk Etymology | buckaroo from vaquero; bridegroom from brydguma; sparrowgrass from asparagus |
| Ellipsis | grid from gridiron; chauvinist from male chauvinist |
| Isolating language | Chinese |
| Clitic | reduction of not to n’t, his to ‘s |
| Hypercorrection | –r in English such as idear |
| Grimm's Law | Pater>Father, Decem>Ten (Latin>English) |
| Verner's Law | paTer>fa(VOICED FRICATIVE TH)er |
| Relative Chronology | chain shift |
| Taboo Distortion | damn>darn |
| Assimilation (regressive) | aDsimilare>aSsimilare |
| Assimilation (progressive) | fulNa>fulLa |
| Umlaut | kŪiz>kÜ |
| wowel harmony | kv(ae)dthI > kv(ae)dthE (dth = voiced dental fricative) |
| Palatalization (real word!) | faCiat > faK^i ya |
| Final Devoicing | taG>taK |
| Weakening/Lenition | luPus > luBo |
| Epenthesis | Prothesis: Spadum > Espada; Epenthesis: anros>anDros |
| Drag Chain | Great Vowel Shift: 1. Long high vowels to diphthongs 2. mid vowels to high position 3. low wowels to mid position |
| Sporadic | maDam > ma'am |
| Politeness | Madonna > Mona |
| Fast or Allegro Speech | you know > y'know |
| Clitics | n't |
| Gemination | mmmmmmmarvelous |
| Grassman's Law | bHudHyetoy > BUdHyate |
| Dissimilation | February > Feb-you-ary |
| Methathesis | bRYde > bIRd; aKS > aSK |
| Speech Errors | Mardon me padam, but this too is already pagan. May I sew you to another sheet? |
