| A | B |
|---|
| annual rings | The result of one season's growth in a tree. They help scientists tell that age of a tree. |
| adaptation | A change in a plant's structures or behavior that helps it survive. |
| agent | A cause that produces an effect by its action. Example: wind, rain, bats, birds and insects are responsible for causing pollination. |
| anther | A flower part that hold pollen grains which contain male sex cells. |
| asexual reporduction | Offspring are produced from one or more cells of a single parent. |
| blade | The broad, flat part of a leaf. |
| broad leaf | Wide, flat leaves such as a maple or oak leaf. |
| cambium | A thin growing layer of living cells in a tree trunk. They produce phloem and exylem cells. |
| cell | The basic unit that makes up all living things. |
| cell membrane | A thin layer surrounding all cells that allow water and dissolved materials to pass into and out of the cell. |
| cell respiration | The use of oxygen to break down glucose in a plant cell. The process releases energy for the plant. The wast products is carbon dioxide. |
| cell wall | The tough outer covering of a plant cell that gives it a rigid shape. |
| chloroplasts | The tiny cell structures containing chlorophyll in which food making occurs. |
| chlorophyll | The green pigment which collects light energy from the sun. |
| clones | Exact copies of a parent. |
| compound leaves | A leaf with a blade that is divided into two or more leaflets. |
| conifers | cone-bearing plants that have roots, stems and leaves and form seeds, but not fruit. |
| consumers | living things that obtain energy by eating other living things. |
| cortex | Part of the root of a plant that connects the epidermis to the inner core. |
| cytoplasm | The jellylike substance that fills much of the cell of a plant. |
| deciduous trees | Trees that drop their leaves in the fall. |
| decomposers | nature's recylers (worm, some insects, fungi, and bacteria) which break down the bodies of dead organisms. |
| dicots | plants that produce seeds with two seed leaves. Example: lima bean |
| embryo | A tiny new plant. |
| epidermis | The outisde covering of the root. |
| extinct | No longer on the earth because the last species has died out. |
| ferns | Spore-forming plants that have roots, stems, and leaves. |
| fertilization | A process that takes place when the male sex cell from the pollen grain joins with the female cell inside the ovary. |
| fibrous roots | A system of brancing roots. |
| first-order consumers | Consumers that eat only producers. |
| flower | The reproductive part of a flowering plant. |
| flowering plant | Plants that have roots, stems, and leaves, and reproduce by seeds formed in flowers. |
| food chain | The series of steps showing the transfer of energy among living things. |
| food web | An organization chart that shows the feeding relationships and energy transfer among producers, consumers, and decomposers (who eats what). |
| fronds | Leaves of a fern plant. |
| fruit | The enlarged ovary of a plant that contains the seeds as they grow. |
| geotropism | A plant that turns toward the Earth. |
| germination | The sprouting of a plant. |
| glucose | The sugar-like food produced by a plant. |
| heartwood | The innermost part of a tree that is made up of old, dried-up layers of xylem. |
| horsetails | Plants that reporduce by spores and have underground stems |
| hydrotropism | Plants that have roots that grow toward water. |
| leaf | A plant part in which photosynthesis takes place. |
| liverworts | Nonseed plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves that grows in moint places. |
| monocots | Plants that produce seeds with a single (food-storing) seed leaf. |
| mosses | Small nonseed plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves that have no xylem cells for carrying water. |
| needle leaf | A plant with a leaf shaped like a needle to reduce water loss. |
| nonseed plants | Plants like mosses and ferns, that do not reproduce with seeds. |
| nonwoody plant | The stem of a flowering plant that dies after one growing season. |
| nucleus | the cell structure thaat controls all of a cell's activities. |
| outer bark | The protective covering the the tree. It protects from disease and drying out. |
| ovary | The part of a plant that becomes the fruit. |
| ovule | A plant part that produces female sex cells and becomes the seed. |
| petals | The brightly colored part of a flower that helps attract birds and bees. |
| petiole | The stem part of a leaf that connects to the leaf veins. |
| phloem cells | tubelike cells that carry nutrients produced in the leaves down through the stem and root. |
| pistil | The central part in a flower that produces the seed. Its the female part made up of the stigma, style and the ovary. |
| photosynthesis | The process in which green plants make food using the sun'g energy. Carbon-dioxide and water combine to produce glucose and two waste products: oxygen and water. |
| phototropism | A process in which a plant turns toward light. |
| plant kingdom | A grouping that includes all the plants. |
| pollination | The transfer of pollen grains. |
| producers | Green plants that produce their own food. |
| rhizomes | scaly, underground stems on a plant. (ferms) |
| root cap | pushes the root through the soil |
| root hairs | A tiny, fine plant part that takes in water and minerals. |
| roots | The underground part of a plant that anchors the plant and absorbs water and minerals. |
| sapling | A young tree. |
| sapwood | Most of a trees wood made up of living xylem cells that give the tree support and strength. |
| second-order consumers | consumers that eat first-order consumers. |
| seed coat | A protective covering around the embryo and its food supply. |
| seed dispersal | The scattering of seeds away from the parent plant. |
| seed leaves | Food-storing leaves that surround the tiny plant. |
| seedling | A new plant when the stem has just appeared above the ground. |
| seed plant | Plants that reproduce with seeds (flowers or cones). |
| sexual reproduction | The process in which a male sex cell joins with a female sex cell to produce a fertilized cell. |
| simple leaves | A leaf that has a blade that is undivided (a single leaf). |
| spores | One-celled structures that grow into new plants. |
| stamen | The male part of a flower that produces pollen. It is made up of the anther and filament. |
| starch | A chemical that is a chain of sugar molecules. Plants store extra food in this form. |
| stem | The part of a plant that supports the leaves and flowers and carries water to these parts. |
| stigma | The sticky part on the top of the pistil to which pollen grains stick. |
| stomata | Pores in a plant that control the amount of water in a plant's tissues by releasing water vapor into the surrounding air. |
| succulent | A plant with fleshy leaves or stems that usually live in dry areas. |
| tap roots | One main root that stores food. |
| taxol | An anti-cancer drug made from the bark of the Pacific yew tree that shrinks and sometimes makes tumors disappear. |
| tendrils | Threadlike parts of climbing plants that respond to, or grow toward, touch. |
| thigmotropism | A process in which a plant grows toward touch. |
| tissue culture | Growing new plants from the cells of healthy and disease-resistant plants in a laboratory. |
| transpiration | The process in which plants release water through stomata. |
| tropism | A plants response to conditions in the environment. |
| trunk | A woody stem, usually of a tree. |
| vacuole | A structure in the cytoplasm in which food and other substances are stored. |
| vegetative propagation | Growing new plants from parts of other plants rather than from seeds. |
| veins | The waater transport system of the leaf. |
| woody plant | A plant that lives from year to year and has a hardened stem. |
| xylem cells | Tubelike cells that carry water and minerals from the soil upward. |
