| A | B |
|---|
| In what habitat did the first multicellular organisms evolve? | They evolved in water, so their existence was dependent on an aquatic environment. They evolved from an organism much like multicellular green algae found today. |
| Why don't we have fossils of the earliest land plants? | The first land plants were soft-bodied; fossils form from the hard parts of organisms, so the earliest land plants did not fossilize (they had no hard parts). |
| What types of plants are in the phylum Bryophyta? | The phylum Bryophyta include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. |
| What plants belong in the phylum Tracheophyta? | Tracheophyta include ferns and some other higher plants. |
| What are 5 requirements of life on land? | (1) a constant supply of water; (2) sunlight; (3) a means of transporting water & nutrients upward and the products of photosynthesis downward; (4) exchanging water & carbon dioxide with environment w/o losing too much water; (5) ability to reproduce in an environment w/o standing water. |
| Bryophytes are not "true" land plants. Why? | Bryophytes still require water for reproduction. |
| In what type of habitat do Bryophytes grow? | Bryophytes thrive in wet areas, such as swamps, marshes, near streams, in rain forests, and along the western coast of the U.S. |
| What do Bryophytes look like? | Appearance of Bryophytes vary. Some look like evergreen trees; some are soft green carpets in appearance; they're less than a few cm. tall. |
| What are rhizoids? | Rhizoids in bryophytes are rootlike structures that anchor the plant to the ground. |
| In what habitat would you expect to find liverworts? | Liverworts live in places that are constantly wet. |
| What do liverworts look like? | Liverworts look like flat green leaves on the ground. When mature, gametophytes produce little green umbrella-type structures that carry the structures that produce eggs and sperm. |
| What do the gametophytes of hornworts look like? | They look like a tiny horn. |
| What adaptations allow Bryophytes to live on land? | (1) Rhizoids anchor them to the ground in damp or wet places; (2) Their small size lets water move through by osmosis and surface tension. (3) Sperm have flagella that move the sperm through water. |
| What are antheridium? | Antheridium are the male reproductive structure in some plants that produce the sperm, including mosses and liverworts. |
| What is the archegonium? | Archegonium is the female reproductive structure in some plants, including mosses and liverworts. |
| Where are the reproductive structures on mosses? | Some species have both on one gametophyte; other species have the male and female reproductive structures on separate gametophytes. |
| In mosses, when is a diploid zygote produced? | When a sperm swims to an egg and syngamy occurs, producing the diploid zygote. |
| What is an important way in which bryophytes differ from other land plants? | Bryophytes cannot live independent of the gametophytes from which they grow. |
| What are protonema? | Protonema are a tangled mass of green filaments in moss that forms during germination. |
| Summarize the life cycle of mosses. | (1)The haploid gametophyte is the dominant stage; (2)The sperm needs standing water to swim & fertilize the egg; (3)The diploid sporophyte is small & can grow only with nourishment from the gametophyte. |
| Why are tracheophyta "true" land plants? | They do not need a wet environment to exist. |
| What's the purpose of vascular tissue? | It transports water & the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant. |
| What are the two types of vascular tissues? | (1) xylem tissue and (2) phloem tissue. |
| What is the chief function of xylem tissue? | Xylem tissue moves water from the roots to all parts of a plant. |
| What is the chief function of phloem tissue? | It's responsible for the transport of nutrients and the products of photosynthesis from place to place within the plant. |
| what is tracheid? | Tracheid cells carry water from roots in the soil to leaves in the air; they're the most important type of cells in xylem tissue. |
| What is the vascular cylinder? | It's the central area of a plant root where xylem and phloem tissues ae gathered. |
| What are the veins and cuticles of "true" leaves? | The veins are bundles of vascular tissue; cuticles are the waxy covering of leaves of tracheophytes that help prevent water loss by evaporation. |
| What are psilophytes? | They're the first vascular plants; some botanists believe ferns are forms of them. Psilophyte fossils have been found back to the Devonian Period (400 million years ago). |
| What are the coal beds of Pennsylvania? | Fossilized lycophytes and spenophytes. |
| What's the botanical name for club mosses? | Mosses are lycophytes. |
| What are sphenophytes? | They're horsetails (picture on pg. 457). |
| What is only living genus of sphenophytes? | "Equisetum" (horsetail). |
| What are rhizomes in ferns? | The thick, fleshy creeping stems that grows either on or just beneath the surface of the ground in ferns are called rhizomes. |
| What are fronds? | Fronds are the large leaves of ferns. |
| In what habitat would you find ferns? | They're most abundant in wet, or seasonally wet, habitats. |
| How do ferns reproduce? | Ferns reproduce both sexually and asexually (see diagram on pg. 459). |
| What are sporangia and where are they found on ferns? | Spores are produced in tiny containers called sporangia on the underside of a fern's frond. They group in clusters called sori. |
| What's a prothallium? | Prothallium=a thin heart-shaped structure formed from the gametophyte of a fern. |
| Summarize the life cycle of ferns. | (1)Alternation of generations with diploid sporophyte dominant; (2) gametophyte lives short time; (3)sporophyte has vascular tissues; gametophyte doesn't & needs moisture; (4)ferns require water for the sperm from the antheridia to swim to the archegonia for egg fertilization. |
| List some of the useful ways in which mosses & ferns are used. | Mosses carpet Japanese-style gardens; some is added to garden soil; dried sphagnum moss is natural sponge, and it eventually decomposes into peat moss, which is added to improve soils ability to retain moisture & increase acidity; burning moss creates the smoke that gives Scotch whiskey its characteristic flavor. Some ferns are eaten by humans. |
| What plants are included in "gymnosperms"? | Gnetophytes, cycads, ginkoes, and conifers. (see 566-568). |
| What are angiosperms? | They have reproductive organs known as flowers. Ovaries surround & protect the seeds. |
| What is "fruit"? | It's a wall of tissue that surrounds an angiosperm seed. |
| How do monocots and dicots differ? | See chart on pg. 570. These characteristics are important--know them. |
| Give examples of woody plants. | trees, shrubs, vines |
| Give examples of herbaceous plants. | dandelions, zinnias, petunias, sunflowers. |
| What are the basic differences between annuals, biennials, and perennials? | Annuals complete their life cycle in one growing season; biennials complete it in two years; perennials usually live through many years. |
