| A | B |
|---|
| Attitudinal View of Representation | the theory of congressional voting behavior which asumes that members vote on the basis of their own beliefs. |
| Bicameral Legisture | A legislative assembly composed of two separate houses, such as the U.S. Congress, which consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate. |
| Congress | A meeting place of representative of local constituencies who can initiate, modify, apporove, or reject laws. |
| Descriptive Representation | A term coined by hanna Pitkin to refer to the statistical correspondence of the demographic characteristics of representaties with those of their consituents. |
| Conservative Coalition | A vote in congress in which conservative Demo0crats join with Republicans. |
| Filibuster | A prolonged speech or series of speeches made to delay action on legislation in the Senate. the pupose is to kill the measure by talking it to death. |
| Gerrymandering | Drawing congressional district lines in a bizarre or unusual shapte to make it easy for a candidate of one party to win elections in that district. |
| Majority Leader | The legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seates in the House of Representatives or the Senate. |
| Majority-Minority Districts | congressional districts designed to make it easier for minority citizens to elect minority representatives. These districts are drawn so that the majority of their voters are minorities. |
| Malapportionment | The creation of congressional districts in a state which are of unequal size. the Supremem Court in 1964 |
| Marginal Districts | A congressional district in which the winner of the general election get less than 55 percent of the vote. Such districts could easily switch to the other party in the next election. |
| Minority Leader | The head of the minority party in each house of congress chosen by the caucus of the minority party. this person formulates the minority party's strategy and program. |
| Organizational View of Representation | The theory of congressional voting hehavior wich assumes that members make avoting decisions to please fellow members and obtain their goodwill. Such behavior is possible since constituents sledom know how their representatives vote. Members vote by following cues provided by colleagues. |
| Parliament | An assembly of party representatives which chooses a government and discusses major national issues. Tight party discipline usually regulates the voting behavior of members. |
| President Pro Tempor | a position created in the constitution to serve as presiding officer of the Senate in the absence of the Vice President. |
| Representational View of Representation | The theory of congressional voting behavior that assumes that members make voting decisions based on their perception of constituents' wishes to ensure their own relection. A correlation between district attitudes and members' votes has been found on issues of importance to consitutents but not on issues of remote concern to consitutents. |
| Rules Committee | In the House of Representatives, the committee that decides which bills come up for a vote, in what order, and under what restrictions on length of debate and on the right to offer amendments. |
| Safe District | A congressional district in which the winner of the general electin carries mor that 55% of the vote. Most House districts are safe and are carried by incumbents with wide margins. |
| Seventeenth Amendment | a constitutional amendent ratifies in 1913 requiring the popular selection of U.S. Senators. |
| Sophomore Surge | an increse in the number of votes candidates receive between thier first time elected and their first time relected. |
| Speaker of the House | The constitutionally mandated persiding officer of the house of Representatives. |
| Substantive Representation | a term coined by hanna Pitkin to refer to the corrspondence between representatives' opinion and those of their constituents. |
| Whip | Members of the party leadership in each house who help the party leader stay informed aboutwhat party members are thinking, rounds up members ehen important votes are to be taken, and attempts to keep a nose count of how thee voting on a controversial issue is likely to go. |
