| A | B |
|---|
| Philip II | Son of Charles IV who became King of Spain and therefore the Spanish Netherlands and the Spanish claims in American. |
| El Greco | Spanish artists whose real name was Domeinkos Theotokopoulos, he is known for his use of brillant sometimes clashing color and distorted human figures |
| Diego Velazquez | He was the court painter for Philip IV, who is best known for his royal portraits and scenes of court life |
| Don Quixote de la Mancha | A modern European novel written by Miguel da Cervantes about a Spanish nobleman who goes crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights |
| William of Orange | The Dutch prince who led the battle to free the Netherlands from Spanish control. He would eventually become king of England |
| Rembrandt van Rijn | The greatest Dutch artist who is known for his portriats of wealthy middle class merchants and group portraits. |
| Jan Vanmeer | A Dutch artist who often painted middle class people doing ordinary activities |
| Absolute Monarchs | Rulers who believed that all power within their state's boundries rested in their hands |
| Divine Right | The belief that God created the monarchy and that monarchs were God's representaives on earth |
| Huguenots | French Protestants who were persecuted by the dominant Catholic population |
| Henry of Navarre or IV | A Huguenot prince who inherited the French throne at which point he converted to Catholicism. He promoted religious tolerance in France |
| Edict of Nantes | A declaration that stated Huguenots could live in peace in France and it established churches in some cities. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | A government minister for Louis XIII who essentially became the leader of France. He opposed the Huguenots and weakened the power of the French nobles, and tried to establish France's power with its neighbors by involving France in the Thirty Year's War |
| Skepticism | An idea developed by French thinkers based on the idea that nothing can ever be known for certian |
| Michel de Montaigne | The French writer who developed the essay |
| essay | A brief work that expresses a person's thoughts and opinions |
| Rene Descartes | The French thinker who wrote Meditations and First Philosophy in which he examines skepiticism |
| Louis XIV | The most powerful ruler in French history. He helped France attain economic, political and cultural brillance. He had the Palace of Versialles built |
| Cardinal Mazarin | The government minister who replace Richelieu, and essentially ruled while Louis XIV was a boy. He ended the 30 years War, increased taxes and strengthen the central government |
| intendants | Government agents who collected taxes and administer justice. They replaced the French nobles thus gaining power |
| Jean Baptiste Colbert | The French minister of finance who tried to make France self-sufficient. He gave tax breaks to French companies, increased tariffs to protect French industry, and used French colonies to export raw materials |
| Moliere | French playwrite who was one of Loius favorites wrote the Imaginary Invalid, Tartuffe, and The Would-be Gentleman |
| Treaty of Nijmegan | This treaty ended the war in which France invaded the Spanish Netherlands, France received a little territory out of the war |
| War of Spanish Succession | The war declared by England, Austria, the Dutch,Portugal, and some German and Italian states against France and Spain which was now ruled by the same family. It lasted 12 years until the treaty of Utrecht was signed |
| Treaty of Utrecht | It ended the War of Spanish Succession when Spain and France agreed not to unite the two nations |
| Thirty Year's War | The war that lasted from 1618-1648 which began over religious differences between Protestants and Catholics and over territory of Bohemia and Holy Roman Empire (germany) |
| Ferdinand II | The king of the Holy Roman Empire |
| Peace of Westphalia | The treaty that ended the Thirty year's War. It weakened Spain and Austria, it strenghtened France by giving it German territory, It made German princes independant of the emperor, It ended religious wars in Europe, and introduced a new method of negotiation in Europe |
| Maria Theresa | Daughter of Charles VI who inherited the Austrian throne. She faced many wars especially with Prussia, she decreased the power of the nobles and aided the peasants |
| Charles VI | The king of Austria who ruled over, Czechs, Hungarians,Italians, Croatians,and Germans |
| Frederick William I | The king of Prussia who was known as the Great Elector, built a military state, weakened the power of represetnative assemblies and built an absolute monarchy |
| Fredrick (II)the Great | Son of Frederick William followed all of his father's policies |
| War of Austrian Succession | Frederick II declared war on Austria and Maria Theresa over a wealthy peice of territory. France allied with Prussia, and England Allied with Austria |
| Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle | Austria had to give up the territory to Prussia even though they had stopped Pussian advances |
| Seven Year's War | The war fought between Austria, France and Russia against Prussia and Britian. They had switched allies since the War of Austrian Succession. It was fought in Europe, India and No. America. British won when France lost american colonies, and England gained sole economic domination in India. |
| Ivan (IV)the Terrible | Czar of Russia who came to power at the age of three, took power at 16. He initially added lands, codified laws, and ruled justly. After his wife's death he became a tyrant executing thousands of Boyars |
| boyars | Russia's landowning nobility |
| Junkers | Prussia's landowning nobility |
| czar | caesar |
| Peter (I) the Great | One of Russia's greatest reforming Czars. He brought the church under his control, reduced the power of boyars, modernized the army, introduce potatoes, started Russia' fist newspaper, and increased the status of women. He also built St. Petersburg and made it the capital of Russia |
| westernization | The term that describes using western Europe as a model for change |
| James I | King of England who beleived he had absolute authority to rule, and refused to respect parliments right to issue money, so there were constant conflicts. In addition he offended Puritans by refusing to reform the Puritan church |
| Charles I | King of England who dissolved Parliment over monay issues. He was forced to sign the Petition of Right, then ignored it and dissolved parliment again. He raised money by imposing new fees and fines.He angered Puritans By upholding church ritual and formal prayer book, and tried to get Presbyterian Scots to adopty the Anglican Pray book. He was very disliked. |
| Petition of Right | The King agreed to not imprison citizens without due cause, not levy taxes without Parliments consent, not to house soldiers in private homes, and not to impose martial law |
| English Civil War | Charles I tried to have members of Parliment arrested after they tried to limit his power. Londoners rebelled against the King begining the English Civil War. |
| Oliver Cromwell | The Puritan leader during the English Civil War, who won and eventually became the ruler of England as a military dictator |
| Cavaliers | name given to royalists or those who supported the king during the English Civil War. |
| Charles II | Became King of England after Cromwell died. |
| Restoration | The period Charles II rule because he had restored the monarcy |
| habeas corpus | the law that guarenteed every prisoner the right to be brought before a judge who would decide to hold him for trial or set him free. Prisoners could not be imprisoned indefinetly |
| James II | King of England after Charles II. He was a Catholic who apointed Catholics to high office thus breaking the law. When parliment complained he dissolved it. Upset, Parliment invited Mary (James' eldest daughter) and William of Orange(prince of Netherlands) to overthrow James |
| Glorious Revolution | The name given to the bloodless overthrow of James II by William and Mary |
| Constitional monarchy | A government where the monarch shares power with Parliment therefore limiting the monarchs power |
| English Bill of Rights | William and Mary agreed to not suspend Parliment's laws, not to levy taxes without their consent, not to interfer with freedom of speech, no penalty towards citizens who petition the king |
| Cabinet | A group of government ministers who represented the majority party in Parliment. They became a link between the monarch and Parliment |
| Prime Minister | The leader of the majority party in Parliment who heads the cabinet |
