| A | B |
|---|
| What 18th century scientists thought that heat was | invisible, weightless fluid capable of going from hot objects to cold ones |
| what was this theory called? | calorie |
| who challenged this theory? | Count Rumford |
| What is heat? | a form of enerrgy caused by the intenal molecules of matter |
| what is cold? | absence of heat |
| what are three methods of heat transfer? | conduction, conductors, and insulators |
| conduction | heat is transferred through substances by direct contact of molecules; takes places in all forms of matter |
| conductors | transfer heat better and quicker |
| insulators | substances that don't conduct heat |
| examples of conductors: | silver, copper, and iron |
| examples of insulators: | glass, wood, plastic, and rubber |
| when hot and cold water are mixed, what is one factor that determines the temp. of the mixture? | mass |
| what types of heat transfer are involved if you mix hot and cold water? | conduction & convection |
| what is specific heat? | the ability of a substance to absorb heat |
| what formula do you use to calculate heat? | q=m*/\t*sh |
| what is temperature? | a measure of the average KE molecules; a measure of how cold something is |
| what does temperature depend on? | mass |
| how do you convert from Celcius to Kelvin? | you add 273 to the C |
| what is absolute zero? | the lowest temp. that can be reached |
| what happens at ab. 0? | all molecular motion stops |
| what is a calorie? | the amount of heat needed to raise the temp. of one gram of water, 1*C |
| how many joules are in one calorie? | 4.19 |
| why is the temp. of land near water uniform? | bc it takes longer to heat and cool water |
| ocean waves cont. roll into shore. how can they do this w/out beaches flooding? | because just the wave is moving, not the water |
| what is a wave? | traveling disturbance that carries energy from A to B |
| what is a medium? | matter through which a wave is transmitted |
| what types of waves require a medium? | mechanical |
| what types of waves don;t require a medium? | electromagnetic |
| greater energy: __________ amplitude | smaller |
| smaller energy: ________ amplitude | greater |
| what is wavelength? | the distance bt 2 troughs or 2 crests; measured in mm or cm |
| what is frequency? | # or complete waves (cycles) p. unit of time |
| what is the unit for frequency? | hertz (Hz) |
| who is it named after? | Heinrich Hertz |
| What does it equal? | gow many complete cycles p. unit of time |
| what is a transverse wave? | when the motion of the medium is at direct motion of the wave |
| what is an ex. of a longitudinal wave? | clapping your hands |
| what is a surface wave? | a combo of 2 diff. waves and mediums |
| how do you calculate the speed of a wave? | s=LAMDA*f |
| what doies wave speed depend on? | the characterists of the medium (velosticity, elastcity, etc..) |
| Decibels: whisper | 20 |
| Decibels: normal talking | 50-60 |
| decibels: car traffic | 70 |
| decibels: alarm clock | 80 |
| decibels: lawn mower | 95 |
| decibles: rock concert | 100 |
| decibles: jack hammer | 115 |
| decibels: jet engine | 130 |
| decibels: gun shot | 140 |
| sounds move fastest in these media | solids |
| apparent change of pitch cause by the motion of the object making the sound | dopper effect |
| sounds with frequencies too low for the human ear to hear | infrasonic |
| area of a sound wave where particles are squeezed close together | compression |
| human perception of loudness | intensity |
| condition of a medium that affects the speed at which a sound wave travels | temperature |
| ___ produce sounds | vibrations |
| matter vibrates in the same direction as these waves travel | compressional waves |
| _____ vibrate when you talk | vocal chords |
| unit of sound intensity | decibel |
| area of a sound wave where particles are less dense | rarefaction |
| frequencies too high-pitched for the human ear to hear | ultra-sonic |
| distance bt 2 side-by-side compressions of the same wave | wavelength |
| highness or lowness of a sound | pitch |
| # of compressions that pass a place each second | frequencies |
| ____ has 8 notes | scale |
| __ describes the difference between two notes having the same pitch | quality |
| - effect produced by many reflections of a sound | reverberation |
| produced when an instrument vibrates | resonance |
| the study of sound | acoustics |
| ability of 2 or more waves to combine to form a new wave | interference |
| VARIATIONS OF SOUND INTENSITY | BEATS |
| tone produced by one vibration of a string | fundamental |
| sounds that follow a regular pattern | music |
| frequency range of the musical scale | octave |
| produced by vibrations that are multiples of the fundamental frequency | overtones |
| has no set pattern or definate pitch | noise |
