| A | B |
|---|
| ability to causes disease | virulent |
| visible sign of viral growth on a culture | plaque |
| attaches to nerve tissue | neurotrophic |
| viruses that attach to internal organs especially GI tract | interic |
| attack internal organs, especially liver | viscerotropic |
| vioruses that attack immune system | immunotropic |
| Dr. Wyndall Stanely won the nobel prize for | isolation in crystallization |
| Viruses have a two part structure including the | outer capsid and inner core |
| protein subunit and envelope; really a piece of hosts' plasma membrane; contains glycoportein spikes | outer capsid |
| nucleic acid (DNA or RNA but not both) and enzyme | inner core |
| viruses can be classifed in 4 ways: | 1)type of nucleic acid 2)size and shape-polyhedral or helical 3)presence or lack of envelope 4)physiological and immunolotical prperties (symptoms-cytopathological effect on cell) |
| bacteriaphage infects | bacteria |
| tobacco mosaic infects | plants |
| rabies infects | mammals |
| polio infects | nerve cells |
| HIV infects | certain blood cells |
| hepatitis infects | liver cells |
| viruses can be cultivated in 2 ways: | cell culture or chiken embtyo |
| virus cannot synthesize their own protein because | no host cell and cannot reproduce without it |
| viruses cannot metabolize, so therefore cannot use | Energy |
| isocohedrial | 20 tri. faces, 12 corners, plus helical tail with glycoproten (host cell) |
| dormant but can reproduce | lysogeny |
| once bleived to hlep viruses, but doesn't | interferon |
| parasitize bacteria | bacteriophage |
| Lytic cycle had 5 stages: | attachement, penetration, biosynthesis, naturation; release |
| capsid goes to the receptor | attachment |
| viral enzyme digests bacteria/cell wall and viral DNA is injected | penetration |
| virus inactivates host genes that will not hel pit replicate and viral DNA replicates | Biosynthesis |
| viral DNA and capsids are assembled to produce 100's of viral particles; lysozyme is produced and disrupts cell wall | naturation |
| phage particles are released | release |
| cancer producing transformed normal genes that constantly reproduce | oncogenes |
| RNA animal viruses of DNA stage | retroviruses |
| retrovrus contains reverse transcriptase that changes | RNA to DNA |
| cDNA is | a copy of a viral genome |
| One retrovirus is | HIV |
| 2 Major class of prokaryotes | archaebacteria and eubacteria |
| outside of prokaryote contains 5 things | flagella, fimbriae, capsule/slime layer, cell wall, plasma membrane |
| inside of prokaryote contains 4 things | cytosol, ribosomes, mesosomes, nocleoid |
| 3 strands of protein wound in helix | flagella |
| short hairlike extensions | fimbriae |
| surrounds cell wlal which protects cell from host defesnse | capsule/slime layer |
| folded up into fingerlike projects called mesosomes helping to compartmentalize | plasma membrane |
| bacteria reproduce through | binray fission |
| Genetic recombination occurs in 3 ways: | conjugation, transformation, transduction |
| DNA changed via temporary sex plius/ bridge | conjugation |
| piecse of DNA from other bacterium picked up | transformation |
| bacteriophages transfer portions of oxygen | transduction |
| autotrophs are also known as | photosynthetic and chemosynthetic |
| heterotrophs can be | saprotrophic or symbiotic |
| breaks down dead organic matter and absorbs nutrients | saprotrophic |
| free living; form mutualistic (N fixation) commensalistid or parasitic relationships (no harm, live on) | symbiotic |
| 5 groups of microoroganisms: | bacteria, viruses, protozoan, algae, fungi |
| test that helps to identify bacteria | gram staining |
| specific microbes can bring about specific changes on a substrate and derive nourishment from it | germ theory of fermentation |
| for water storage and elimination of wastes | contractilce/water vacuole |
| sol fluid to assis movement; changes when mixed | ectoplasm |
| gel-to maintain organelles | endoplasm |
| break down usable portion of protists | food vacuole |
| movement and food | pseudopod |
| takes care of everything but reproduction | macronucleus |
| contains trichocyst | pellicle |
| defense mechanism/anchorage | trichocyst |
| heterotroph and autotroph | euglena |
| takes care of conjugation | micronucleus |
| paramecium movement | cilia |
| store starch | paraylon bodies |
| a strand of nucleci acid encased in a protein coat that can infect cells and replicate within them | virus |
| protein sheath surrounding core of nucleic acid | capsid |
| The nucleic acid found in most viruses is | DNA |
| The envelope of the virus helps the virus | gain entry into cells |
| The envelope contains | proteins, lipids, and glycoproteins |
| A helical virus is ___ in appearance | rodlike |
| a polyhedral virus appears | spherical |
| most polyhedral viruses are | icosahedrons |
| protein secreted by cells in the immune system in response to a foreign substance in the body | antibody |
| Mutations in viruses often change their | glycoproteins |
| a rod-shaped cell | bacillus |
| spherical cell | coccus |
| spiral cell | spirillum |
| gelatinous layer outside or cell wall and membrane of bacteria | capsule |
| bacteria with a cell wall containing large amount of peptidoglycan | gram-positive |
| bacteria with thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane | gram-negative |
| gram-positive can be killed by | penicillan |
| gram-negative can be killed by | tetracycline |
| high-resistance to environmental stress; formed around bacteria when exposed to harsh conditions | endospores |
| 7 ways that bacteria and eukaryotes differ | internal comparmentalization, cell size, multicellularity, chormosomes, cell division, flagella, metabolic diversity |
| 3 differnt bacteria according to E | photosynthetic, chemoautotrophic, heterotrophic |
| 4 categories of photosynthetic bacteria | cyanobacteria, green sulfur, purple sulfur, purple nonsulfur |
| green and purple sulfur bacteria found in | anaerobic env. |
| blue-green algae | cyanobacteria |
| contain enzymes the fix nitrogen gas | heterocysts |
| obstain energy by removing electrons from inorganic olecules such as ammonia, methane, or hydrogen sulfide | chemoautotrophic bacteria |
| chemoautotrophic that live in soil are important to | env. and agriculture |
| chemoautotrophic baceria are crucial to | nitrification |
| oxidation of ammonia to nitrate | nitrification |
| decomposers of the living world | heterotrophic bacteria |
| pathogenic bacteria _______ or _____ | attack cells or release toxins |
| disesase of ther espiratory tarct cause by bacteria | tuberculosis |
| _____ developed penicillin as medication | Fleming |
| a susbatance obtained from bacteria or fungi that is used as a drug to fight pathogenic microorganisms | anitbiotic |
| 5 important eukaryotic adaptations are | sexual reproduction,multicellularity, mieisosis, mitotsis, flagella nd cilia with 9+2 structure |
| small oraganelles in protists containsing light-sensitive pigments that detect changes in the quality and intesnsity of light | eyespots |
| thick protective wll around a diploid zygote | zygospore |
| haploid cell that results from mitois of single cell protists and that develops flagella nd cilia and ultimately breaks out of the parent cell | zoospore |
| three methods of sexual reproduction | conjugation; reproduction with gametes; alternation of generations |
| two filaments align side by side and forma bridge; nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus; then meisosi and haploid filament | conjugation |
| sperm swim to eg, fuse, diploid spore undergoes meiosis, zoospore settles and divides by mitosis, 1 becomes anchor and others form new filament | reproduction w/ gametes |
| gamete producing phase then spore producing phase | alternation of generations |
| sporangia | reproductive cells |
| protists that live in fresha nd slat waters and are abundant in soil | amoeba |
| amoeba moves with | pseudopodia |
| amoebas reproduce by | fission |
| marine protists tah tlive in sand or attached to other organisms or rocks | forams |
| the shell of a foram is called a | test |
| foram reproduction | akternates between haploid and diploid generations |
| photosynthetic, unicellular protists with unique couble sheels made of silica | diatoms |
| diatoms can have two types of symmetry: | radial (like a wheel) or bilateral (two-sided) |
| freshwater, unicellular algae | green algae |
| ____ is the ancestor of plants | geen algae |
| multicellular algae found in warm ocean water | red algae |
| the most ancient group of eukaryotes | red algae |
| multicellular and marine algae | brown algae |
| 3 major flagellates: | dinoflagellates, zoomastigotes, euglenoids |
| unicellular photosynthetic marine protists that have two flagella | dinoflagellates |
| red tides are caused by | explosive growth of dinoflagellates |
| unicellular, heterotrophic organisms that vary greatly in form; at least on flagellum but some thousands; live symbiotically in termites | zoomastigotes |
| freshwater protists with two flagella | euglenoids |
| proten scaffold inside the cell membrane of euglena | pellicle |
| ciliates are complex ____ _____ | unicellular heterotrophs |
| ciliates from ____ for inesting food and regulating water balance | vacuoles |
| heterotrophs with restricted mobility | protistan molds |
| cellular slime molds form _____, which becomes a ___, ___, ____ and then a ____ , and then a _____ | slugs, base, stalk, swollen tip, spores, amoeba |
| a mass of cytoplasm that looks like an oozing slime; many nuclei not separated by cell walls | plasmodium |
| water molds, white rusts, downy mildews that grow on dead algae and dead animals | oomycetes |
| oomycte was responsible for the | Irish potato famine |
| protists distinguished by motile cells | chytrids |
| nonmotile, spore-forming, unicellular parasites | sporazoans |
| high-resistant, thick-walled cyst from sexual reproduction of sporozoans | oocyte |
| sporozoan cause the disease of | malaria |
| 3 stages of sporozoan | sporozoite, merozoite, gametocyte |
| sporozoan is injected into humans | sporozoite |
| sporozoan divide and rapidly reproduce | merozoite |
| sporozoan undergo sexual phase | gametocyte |
| prevents and treats malaria | quinine and deriviatives of quinine |
