| A | B |
|---|
| Ventricular Septal Defect | Which congenital anomoly increases pulmonary blood flow? |
| 4 components of Tetralogy of Fallot | Pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta, VSD |
| Murmur | abnormal heart sound, easily heard in children because of the thin walls in their hearts. |
| Squatting position | Increases venous return of blood to the heart. |
| When to hold Lanoxin in children | when apical pulse is less than 90-110 bpm |
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | Opening between pulmonary artery and aorta (failure of ductus arteriosus to close). |
| Atrial Septal Defect | opening between the atria of the heart. |
| Coarctation of Aorta | Narrowing of the Aorta. |
| TGA-Transpostion Great Arteries | When the aorta comes from the right and they pulmonary artery comes from the left-opposite of normal anatomy. |
| Positioning after T&A | prone or side-lying. |
| Increased swallowing after T&A suggest what? | bleeding. |
| Epiglotitus | usually caused by bacterial infection (croup), diagnosed by chest x-ray. Children commonly use the TRIPOD position to open airway. |
| Laryngotracheal bronchitis | Can be viral or bacterial characterized by an inspiratory stridor. |
| Bronchiolitis | Caused by RSV which makes secretions in the lungs thick thus occluding small bronchial tubes, transmitted by hands. |
| Handwashing | Primary way to reduce bronchiolitis (RSV). |
| Asthma | Chronic condition characterized by expiratory wheezes, non-productive cough, itchy areas on chin or chest, dark circles under the eyes and chest tightness. |
| hypoxemia | decreased oxygen in BLOOD. |
| hypoxia | decreased oxygen in TISSUES. |
| Pancreatic enzymes | given to patient with cystic fibrosis to increase absorbtion. |
| SIDS occurs most frequently when? | Winter |
| Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis | An autoimmune inflammatory disease usually diagnosed in children before the age of 16. |
| Polyarticular | inflammation of 5 or more joints. |
| Pauarticular | Inflammation of less than 3 joints. |
| Name the primary nursing intervention in a child with JRA. | Encourage normal performance of activities of daily livings (ADL'S) |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | when insufficient oxygen causes cells to assum a sickle shape and become rigid & clumped together, obstructing capillary blood flow. |
| Acute Pain Crisis | Clinical symptom of sickle cell disease secondary to vaso-occlusion. |
| Factor VIII | Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency in this clotting factor of the blood. |
| Females can have hemophelia if their fathers have the disorder and their mothers are carriers of the genetic disorder - TRUE OR FALSE? | True. |
| TRUE OR FALSE - Male inherit hemophelia from their fathers and females inherit their carrier status from their mothers. | False. Males inherit disease from MOTHERS, females inherit carrier status from their fathers. |
| What to food rich in iron do, especially for a pt with hemophelia? | binds oxygen to the hemoglobin in the blood. |
| In an infant with a left-to-right shunt, what do you look for when monitoring respiratory status? | Presence of nasal flaring and use of accessory muscles in abdomen. |
| Name the three types of left-to-right shunts | ASD, VSD, and PDA. |
| Stenosis | narrowing or constriction of an opening in a valve or vessel that results in obstruction of blood flow through the area. |
| 3 types of stenotic lesion | pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis and coarctation of aorta. |
| Before a T&A, what should you check for in the patient's mouth? | Loose teeth to decrease risk of aspiration. |
| TRUE OR FALSE - you should always obtain a throat culture on a patient with epiglottitis? | FALSE - never try to obtain throat culture as it can cause spasm of epiglottis and airway occlusion. |
| Name at least 3 signs/symptoms of bronchiolitis. | URI, fever, nasal drainage, tachypnea, nasal flaring, increased difficulty breathing, retractions, expiratory wheeze and grunts, harsh cough, and irritability. |
| What is steatorrhea? | bulky, fowl-smelling stool associated with patients who have cystic fibrosis. |
| What test is used to test for CF? | sweat test-pts with CF have abnormally high cencentrations of sodium and chloride in sweat. |
| Name 3 signs/symptoms of dehydration. | weight loss, dry mucus membranes, decreased skin turgor,sunken eyeballs, depressed fontanels, decreased urine output, absence of tears, tachycardia, tachypnea, decreased blood pressure and excessive thirst. |
| What is the most common cause of fluid and electrolyte imbalance in children? | Dehydration |
| What are the 3 major concerns when a child is vomitting? | 1-dehydration, 2-loss of fluid and electrolytes, 3-development of metablic alkalosis. |
| when a child is vomitting, what position should they be placed and why? | Side lying to prevent aspiration. |
| Cleft lip and palate | congenital anomoly that occurs as a result of failure of soft tissue or bony structure to fuse during embryonic development. |
| Name 2 possible causes of cleft lip/palate | genetics, hereditary factors, chromosome abnormalities, and teratogenic factors. |
| What 3 things should be assessed in an infant with cleft lip or palate? | Ability to suck, swallow and breath without distress. |
| TRUE OR FALSE - it is recommended to brush a child's teeth immediately after repair of cleft lip or palate? | FALSE -should not be done for 1-2 weeks after surgery. |
| Gastroesophageal reflux | backflow of gastric contents into esophagus as a result or incompetance of the lower esophageal or cardiac sphincter. |
| Name the 4 methods used to diagnose GER. | upper GI barium swallow, pH of esophagus, hemocult and bronchoscopy. |
| Pyloric stenosis | hypertrophy of the circular muscles of the pylorus causing narrowing of the pyloric canal between the stomach and duodenum. |
| What is the most common reason for surgery in infants? | pyloric stenosis which causes food to move in both directions affection infants 2weeks to 2months old. |
| What position should you place a child with GER? | upright, especially after feeding for a minimum of 2 hours post feeds. |
| Name the condition involving projectile vomitting, causing constant hunger, fussiness and frequent crying, decreased stools and failure to thrive. | Phyloric stenosis. |
| What is another name for pyloromyotomy. | Fredet-Ramstedt procedure. |
| Hirschsprung's disease | congenital anomaly that occurs as a result of an absence of ganglion cells in the rectum and upward in the colon ending in obstruction. |
| What is the name of the procedure used to correct Hirschsprungs disease? | "pull through" procedure |
| Intussusception | telescoping of one portion of the bowel into another portion. |
| If a pt has intussusception, what type of stool should you look for? | currant jelly-like stools containg blood and mucus. |
| Wilm's tumor | tumor of the kidney occuring in children between 2-6 years old and accounts for 20% of solid tumors in children. |
| Cryptorchidism | one or both testes fail to descend through inguinal canal into scrotal sac |
