| A | B |
|---|
| roots | the part of a plant that holds the plant in position, draws water and nourishment from the soil, and stores food. Roots also hold the plant upright. |
| stems | The main upward-growing axis of a plant that holds the plant's leaves up to the sun. |
| leaves | The organs in which plants capture the sun's energy, a process vital to photosynthesis. The broader, flatter leaves have more surface over which to spread chlorophyll to capture more solar energy. |
| cuticle | The noncellular protective waxy coating on the exterior surface of leaves; it cuts down the rate of evaporation of water from leaf tissues. |
| xylem | The vascular tissue primarily responsible for carrying water and dissolved nutrients from roots to stems & leaves. They have thick cell walls, providing strength to the woody parts of large plants, such as trees; xylem tissue carry contents in only 1 direction--upward. Most die before they function as water carriers. |
| phloem | Tissue that carries the products of photosynthesis and certain other substances from one part of the plant to another; phloem tissue carry products upward and downward. They are live cells filled with cytoplasm. |
| angiosperns (review) | flowering plants whose seeds develop within ovaries; all angiosperms reproduce sexually through their flowers during pollination. They're the most widespread of all land plants. Some can survive extreme heat, cold, and drought. |
| fruit (review) | protective structure formed from an enlarged, thickened ovary wall that contains angiosperm seeds. Examples: Fruits, apples, oranges, beans, pea pods, pumpkins, tomatoes, eggplants. |
| monocots (review) | Monocotyledonae: an angiosperm whose seeds have 1 cotyledon (seed leaf). See your book for the chart summarizing its characteristics. Examples: corn, wheat, lilies, daffodils, orchids, palms. |
| dicots (review) | Dicotyledons: start off with 2 seed leaves; see chart in your text for characteristics. Ex.: roses, clover, tomatoes, oaks, daisies. |
| cotyledons (review) | seed leaves of an embryo. In some species, cotyledons are filled with food for the germinating plant; in other species, the cotyledons are the first leaves to carry on photosynthesis for germinating plants. |
| dermal tissue | The outer covering of a plant, consisting mainly of a single layer of epidermal cells. It's often covered by a thick waxy layer protecting against water loss. |
| vascular tissue | They form a transport system that moves water and nutrients throughout the plant. It contains specialized cells: xylem (tracheids & vessel elements) and phloem (sieve tube elements & companion cells). |
| vessel element | In angiosperms, this xylem cell forms part of a continuous tube through which water moves. |
| ground tissue | Cells found between dermal & vascular tissue. It's made up of parenchyma, collenchyma, and scelerenchyma. |
| Describe parenchyma. | These cells have thin walls, large central vacuoles in their leaves, are packed with chloroplasts, and are where most photosynthesis occurs. It's the most common part of ground tissue. |
| Describe collenchyma. | In ground tissue, these cells have strong, flexible cell walls that help support larger plants. They make up the 'strings' of stalks of celery. |
| Describe schlerenchyma. | Cells with thick, rigid cell walls that make ground tissue tough and strong. |
| meristematic tissue | It's the only plant tissue that produces new cells by mitosis. As they mature, they differentiate into tissues of various kinds. |
| apical meristem | meristematic tissue found at the end or tip of each growing stem and root; they make it possible for stems and roots to grow in length. |
| tracheid | Long, narrow cells with walls that are impermeable to water. All plants have this; it's a type of xylem tissue. When they die, they leave a network of hollow connected cells through which water can pass. |
| sieve tube elements | the main phloem cells; they're arranged end-to-end so materials can pass from one cell to another. As they mature, they lose their nuclei & most other organelles in their cytoplasm. |
| companion cells | phloem cells surrounding sieve tube elements; they keep nuclei and other organelles through their lifetime; they support the phloem cells & aid in movement of substances in and out of the phloem stream. |
| differentiation | process in which cells beocme specialized in structure & function (see 583). |
| What are the two cell types that make up xylem? | tracheids and vessel elements |
| Compare the location of cells near the apical meristem to cells far from the apical meristem. | Those near it are undifferentiated cells; those further away have developed specialized structures & functions. |
