| A | B |
|---|
| AENEAS | Trojan captain > escaped Troy's downfall, led followers to Italy, + founded Roman nation |
| ASCANIUS | Aeneas's son > helped father found Roman nation + established Alba Longa |
| ROMULUS - Quirinus | 1st King of Rome > founded City in 753 BCE after killing brother Remus + was deified after death |
| REMUS | Romulus's brother > helped him build Rome until Romulus killed him for control of Rome |
| SABINES | Italian tribe near Rome > lost their women to Romulus's earliest citizens |
| NUMA POMPILIUS | 2nd King of Rome > ruled peacefully + instituted religious laws + customs |
| TULLUS HOSTILIUS | 3rd King of Rome > warmonger whose many impieties angered gods + caused great plaque |
| ANCUS MARCIUS | 4th King of Rome > last Latin monarch of the City, handed control over to Etruscan leaders |
| TARQUINIUS PRISCUS | 5th King of Rome > formalized Etruscan domination of City |
| SERVIUS TULLIUS | 6th King of Rome > tried to rule well but lost throne to vicious son-in-law |
| TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS | 7th (last) King of Rome > murdered father-in-law to win throne, ruled tyrannically, + was deposed in 510 BCE |
| SEXTUS | Son of Tarquin the Proud > raped noblewoman + escaped punishment, sparking Brutus's revolution |
| LUCRETIA | Daughter of Collatinus > raped by Tarquin's son, committed suicide in disgrace, + triggered Brutus's revolution |
| BRUTUS - L. Junius Brutus | Nobleman > led revolt to end Tarquin's brutal reign + established republic of checks + balances in 510 BCE |
| LARS PORSENNA | Etruscan king > waged war on Rome to restore Tarquin to power after Brutus's revolt |
| LATINS | Collection of Italian tribes south of Rome > fought over control of west-central Italy but lost + became subject to Rome |
| ETRUSCANS | Tribe north of Rome > fought over nw-central Italy, controlled Rome for awhile but lost at Veii in 396 BCE |
| SAMNITES | Tribe in central Italy > waged 3 wars with Rome over control of central Italy, eventually losing |
| GAULS | Celtic tribes north of the Alps > invaded Italy in 390-380s, sacked Rome, were paid to leave Italy |
| CAMILLUS - M. Furius Camillus | Roman statesman > defeated Etruscans @ Veii in 396, saved Rome from Gauls, + reformed army |
| APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAECUS - the Censor | Roman statesman > commissioned construction of Rome's 1st highway (Via Appia) + aqueduct (Aqua Appia) |
| PYRRHUS | King of Epirus (NW Greece) > invaded southern Italy in 280s but failed to overpower Rome |
| HAMILCAR BARCA | Carthaginian general > conquered Spain after defeat in 1st Punic War as a step toward renewing conflict with Rome |
| HANNIBAL | Carthaginian general > crossed Alps, invaded Italy, + kept defeating Romans until Scipio beat him @ Zama in 202 |
| FABIUS MAXIMUS - Q. Fabius Maximus ÒCunctatorÓ | Roman general > wore down Hannibal's army by avoiding direct battles but was removed for being a "Delayer" |
| SCIPIO AFRICANUS - P. Cornelius Scipio | Roman general > won Spain from Carthage + defeated Hannibal in Africa @ Zama in 202 BCE |
| ANTIOCHUS III - the Great | King of Syria > was stopped by Rome from expanding kingdom into Egypt + Asia Minor |
| PHILIP V | King of Macedon > tried to control Greece, provoked Rome into intervening, + lost Greece to Rome |
| PERSEUS | King of Macedon > tried to defeat Rome but failed like his father, Philip V |
| CATO the Censor - M. Porcius Cato - the Elder | Roman statesman > promoted conservative agenda + demanded Carthage's complete destruction |
| SCIPIO AEMILIANUS - P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus | Roman general > besieged Carthage for 3 years in 3rd Punic War before razing it to the ground in 146 BCE |
| MUMMIUS - C. Mummius | Roman general > terrified Greek cities into submission by destroying city of Corinth in 146 BCE |
| ATTALUS III | King of Pergamum > bequeathed kingdom to Rome in 133 BCE, making Asia Minor Rome's 1st Asian province |
| CORNELIA | Roman noblewoman > mothered the Gracchi, teaching them to be leaders like their grandfather, Scipio Africanus |
| TIBERIUS GRACCHUS - Ti. Sempronius Gracchus | Roman statesman > used tribunate to pass land reform but died during a riot after trying to win consecutive tribunate |
| GAIUS GRACCHUS - C. Sempronius Gracchus | Roman statesman > used tribunate to pass sweeping reforms, won consecutive tribunate, but died trying for a 3rd |
| DRUSUS - M. Livius Drusus | Roman statesman > used tribunate to give Italians citizenship to Rome's Italian allies but was assassinated |
| JUGURTHA | King of Numidia > fought with Rome over Rome's influence in northern Africa but lost to Marius + Sulla |
| MARIUS - C. Marius | Roman general > won consulship 7 times, defeated Numidians + Germans, championed Populares' cause, governed terribly |
| TEUTONES + CIMBRI | Germanic tribes > invaded northern Italy but were stopped by Marius @ Aquae Sextiae in 102 + Vercellae in 101 |
| CINNA - L. Cornelius Cinna | Roman statesman > used consulship with Marius to promote Populares' agenda during Sulla's absence |
| SULLA - L. Cornelius Sulla Felix | Roman general > championed Optimates' cause, retook Rome from Marians, + used dictatorship to kill enemies + restore senatorial power |
| MITHRIDATES VI | King of Pontus > tried to take Asia Minor + Greece from Rome's control but was defeated by Sulla + (later) Pompey |
| POMPEY - Cn. Pompeius Magnus | Roman general > rose to power under Sulla with special commands to defeat pirates + conquer East, left 1st Triumvirate to fight Caesar in Civil War |
| CRASSUS - M. Licinius Crassus Dives | Roman statesman > profited from Sulla's regime before overturning its laws, defeated Spartacus, joined 1st Triumvirate, but died fighting Parthians |
| SERTORIUS - Q. Sertorius | Roman general > fled Rome to escape Sulla's regime, formed rogue kingdom in Spain, but was defeated by Pompey + Metellus Pius |
| SPARTACUS | Slave > led rebellion of ex-gladiators + slaves, overcame Roman forces, but was finally defeated by Crassus in 71 BCE |
| CICERO - M. Tullius Cicero | Roman statesman > won fame as orator in lawcourts, promoted Optimates' agenda in senate, opposed Triumvirs, + was killed in proscriptions |
| CATILINE - L. Sergius Catilina | Roman statesman > led conspiracy after losing consulship but was denounced by Cicero + driven from Rome |
| CLODIUS - P. Clodius Pulcher | Roman demagogue > lived scandalous life + used tribunate to provoke enemies, like Cicero |
| CATO - M. Porcius Cato Salonius/Uticensis - the Younger | Roman statesman > promoted Optimates' agenda to ruin Caesar + restore Mos Maiorum but killed himself rather than surrender to dictator |
| CAESAR - C. Julius Caesar | Roman general + statesman > used consulship to promote Populares' agenda, conquered Gaul, won Civil War, but was assassinated as dictator |
| VERCINGETORIX | Gallic chieftain > unified Gauls in last attempt to destroy Caesar but lost to Romans @ Alesia in 52 BCE |
| SERVILIA | Roman noblewoman > mothered Brutus + maintained long affair with Caesar |
| CLEOPATRA | Last Queen of Egypt > won throne with Caesar's help, bore his son, + had very different relationships with his heirs |
| BRUTUS - M. Junius Brutus | Roman statesman > reluctantly led conspiracy against Caesar + (after dictator's death) fought civil war vs. Caesar's heirs |
| CASSIUS - C. Cassius Longinus | Roman statesman > formed conspiracy against Caesar + (after dictator's death) fought civil war vs. Caesar's heirs |
| M. ANTONY - M. Antonius | Roman general > used his sway as Caesar's lieutenant to establish 2nd Triumvirate, proscribe enemies (like Cicero), + avenge Caesar |
| OCTAVIAN - C. Octavius / C. Julius Caesar Octavianus | Roman statesman > used inheritance from Caesar to establish 2nd Triumvirate with Antony + Lepidus, proscribe enemies, + avenge Caesar |
