| A | B |
|---|
| emigrant | people who leave a country |
| immigrant | people who settle in a new country |
| steerage | cheapest deck on a ship |
| push factors | reasons why people left their countries- examples: population growth, agricultural changes, crop failures, industrial revolution, and religious and political turmoil |
| famine | severe food shortage |
| prejudice | negative opinion not based on fact |
| nativist | native-born Americans who wanted to eliminate foreign influence |
| Germans | largest immigrant group in the 1800s |
| tenant | renter |
| artisan | skilled worker |
| pull factors | reasons why people chose the US - freedom, economic opportunity, and abundant land |
| Know-Nothing Party | nativists started it |
| romanticism | stressed individual, imagination, creativity, and emotion |
| Hudson River school | influenced by romanticism; painted lush natural landscapes |
| transcendentalism | taught that the spiritual world is more important then the physical world |
| civil disobedience | peacefully refusing to obey laws |
| Washington Irving | wrote "Rip Van Winkle" |
| James Fenimore Cooper | wrote "The Last of the Mohicans" |
| Noah Webster | wrote the "American Dictionary of the English Language" |
| Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | wrote "Paul Revere's Ride" |
| John James Audubon | came from France and travelled across North America sketching the birds and animals |
| Henry David Thoreau | wrote "Walden", went to jail as a form of civil disobedience after not paying his taxes |
| Walt Whitman | poet ; published "Leaves of Grass" |
| Edgar Allan Poe | wrote horror stories |
| Emily Dickinson | poet |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | wrote "The Scarlet Letter" |
| Herman Melville | wrote "Moby Dick" |
| revival | meeting to awaken religious faith |
| Second Great Awakening | renewal of religious faith in the 1790s and the early 1800s |
| temperance movement | campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol |
| labor union | group of workers who band together to seek better working conditions |
| strike | stopping work to demand better conditions |
| Horace Mann | called the "Father of US Education"; head of the first state board of education in the US in Massachusetts |
| Dorothea Dix | social activist who fought to improve the card of the mentally ill |
| circuit rider | rode from town to town holding religious meetings in tents |
| repeal | to cancel |
| Oberlin College | first college to accept women as well as men |
| Alexander Twlight | 1st African American to receive a college degree |
| John Russwurm | African American who received college degree and began the first African-American newspaper |
| Thomas Gallaudet | started the first US school for the death |
| Samuel Howe | founded the Perkins School for the Blind in Boston |
| utopia | ideal society |
| Shakers | shared their goods with one another, vowed not to have children but adopted, vowed also not to marry |
| abolition | movement to stop slavery |
| Frederick Douglass | escaped slavery, was taught illegally to read and write, wrote about personal experience of being a slave |
| Sojourner Truth | escaped slavery and gave moving speeches sharing personal experiences |
| Underground Railroad | series of escapes routes from the South to the North |
| Harriet Tubman | famous 'conductor' of the Underground Railroad |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | attended the World Anti-SlaveryConvention |
| Seneca Falls Convention | Stanton and Mott held this to promote women's rights |
| suffrage | right to vote |
| delgation | group that represents a larger group |
| Henry Brown | escaped slavery by being shipped in a wooden box to the North |
| Lucretia Mott | lead the movement for women's rights |
| Susan B. Anthony | fought for women's suffrage |
| William Lloyd Garrison | puplished an antislavery newspaper |
| Maria Mitchell | first woman to be elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences |
