| A | B |
|---|
| model organism | Organisms used to study broad biological concepts. |
| cell differentiation | The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function. |
| morphogenesis | The process by which an organisms gets is shape. |
| zygote | Fertilized egg. |
| blastula | "Hollow ball of cells" stage of embryonic development. |
| gastrula | A double-layered cup formed from the gastrulation of a blastula. |
| apical meristems | Portion of plants located in the stem and roots where new cells grow and differentiate. |
| totipotent | When a cell can differentiate into all different types of cells. |
| repoductive cloning | When somatic cells from an organism are used to make its genetic twin. |
| nuclear transplantation | Taking the nucleus from a somatic cell and inserting it into an enucleated egg cell. |
| enucleation | Removing the nucleus of an egg cell. |
| stem cell | Undifferentiated cell that is capable of reproducing itself and differentiating into many cell types. |
| pluripotent | Cells that are capable of differentiating into selected, but not all, cell types. |
| embryonic stem cells | Stem cells that are totipotent harvested from the embryo. |
| inner cell mass | Cells within the embryo that will become the organism. |
| outer cell mass | Cells within the embryo that will become the placenta. |
| cytoplasmic transcription factors | Factors within the cytoplasm responsible for "turning on" genes and setting cell determination. |
| induction | Cell to cell signals causing changes in nearby target cells. |
| egg polarity genes | Maternal genes that control the orientation of the egg and ultimately the organism. |
| bicoid mutations | Gene responsible for the "ends" of the fruit fly. Mutations resulted in individuals with two anteriors or two posteriors. |
