| A | B |
|---|
| chromosome | tightly coiled lengths of DNA wrapped around protein cores |
| karyotype | a set of chromosomes in which the homologous pairs are matched and arranged by size |
| diploid | a cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes |
| haploid | a cell which contains a single set of chromosomes |
| sex chromosomes | chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism, in humans the 23d pair |
| human female | XX |
| human male | XY |
| mitosis | eukaryotic cell division |
| cytokinesis | cellular division at the end of mitosis |
| cell cycle | life span of a cell including growth and division |
| tumor | clump of cells growing where they should not be |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell division and growth |
| mutation | change in the genetic code |
| gamete | egg or sperm, a haploid reproductive cell |
| meiosis | cellular division that produces gametes |
| crossing over | the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes |
| Interphase | The phase that cells are in for the majority of their life |
| Prophase | The phase where chromosomes get short and thick and the nuclear membrane breaks down |
| Metaphase | The chromosomes pair up near the equator of the cell |
| Anaphase | The chromosome pairs split and migrate toward opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase | Chromosomes get longer and thinner while a new nuclear membrane forms |
| Binary Fission | When reproduction occurs by splitting in two |
| Cytokinesis | The old cell divides into two new, but smaller cells |
| Gene | A segment of a chromosome that has information for one trait |
| Centromere | This holds two identical chromosomes together temporarily |
| Homologous Chromosomes | The two chromosomes of a pair |
| Zygote | A fertilized egg |
| Autosomes | Chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes |
| CVS | Sampling cells from the villi in the chorion (birth defect test) |
| Polydactyly | Having extra fingers or toes |
| Deletion | Mutation where some DNA is left out |
| Duplication | Mutation where some DNA is in a chromosome more than one place |
| Inversion | Mutation where the DNA order is reversed for part of the DNA |
| Translocation | Mutation where some of the DNA is found at the wrong place on a chromosome |
| Nondisjunction | When a chromosome pair does not separate when it is supposed to |
| Trisomy | Nondisjunction which results in an extra chromosome |
| Down's Syndrome | Results from an extra 21st chromosome |
| Turner's SYndrome | Results from a missing sex chromosome |
| Sex Chromosomes | X and Y |
| Klinefelter's Syndrome | Results from XXY for sex chromosomes |
| Oogenesis | Formation of egg cells |
| Spermatogenesis | Formation of sperm |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| # of Chromosomes in most human cells | 46 |
| # of chromosomes in human gametes | 23 |
| Gametes contain | 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome |
| Synthesis Phase | DNA is duplicated |
| G1 & G2 Phases | Growth |
| Given to determine if a baby has a birth defect | Blood Test |
| Age of which parent increases risk of Down's Syndrome | Mother |
| Sex-Linked Trait (Bleeder's Disease) | Hemophilia |
| Drugs | Leading cause of Birth Defects |
| Amniocentesis | Testing the amniotic fluid for potential birth defects |
| These individuals are sterile, but may look mostly female | Turner's Syndrome |
| Color Blindness | Sex-linked |
| Atrophy | Means muscles get smaller |
| Muscular Dystrophy | Disease where the muscles wither away |
