| A | B |
|---|
| Moluccas | island chain in present-day Indonesia; called the Spice Islands by the Europeans because they were the chief source of spices. |
| Prince Henry | Portuguese navigator; embodied the spirit of exploration; set out to explore the western coast of Africa. |
| Cartographer | Mapmaker |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer; forced to treaty of friendship on the ruler of Calicut and left Portuguese merchants there to seize key ports and create a vast trading empire. |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator; sailed for Spain in search of a route to eastern Asia; mistakenly thought the Americas to be India. |
| Line of Demarcation | line drawn by Pope Alexander VI; divided land in the new non-European world between Spain and Portugal; Spain could trade and explore in land west of the line; Portugal had the same rights east of the line. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | agreement signed by Spain and Portugal in 1494; set out the specific terms of the Line of Demarcation. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese noble; charted the Straights of Magellan at the southern tip of South America and renamed the South Sea as the Pacific Ocean |
| Circumnavigate | travel completely around the earth. |
| Mombasa | East African coastal city known for international trade; was taken over by the Portuguese in the 1400s. |
| Malindi | East African coastal city known for international trade; was taken over by the Portuguese in the 1400s. |
| Plantation | large estate run by an owner or overseer and worked by laborers who live there. |
| Affonso I | ruler of Kongo in the west-central Africa; an early voice against the slave trade. |
| Missionary | European who hoped to spread Christianity to Africans. |
| Asante Kingdom | late 1600s West African kingdom in present-day Ghana; traded gold and slaves for European firearms. |
| Osei Tutu | controlled the trading city of Kumasi; organized the Asante kingdom; managed royal monopolies over gold mining and slave trade. |
| Monopoly | exclusive control of a business or of an industry. |
| Oyo Empire | empire built by Yoruba people in the region of present-day Nigeria; used wealth gained from the slave trade to build a large army. |
| Cape Town | city at the southern tip of Africa; became the first permanent European settlement in Africa in 1652; built by Dutch immigrants to supply ships sailing to or from the East Indies. |
| Boers | Dutch farmers who settled in Cape Town in present-day South Africa; held Calvinist belief that they were the elect of God; looked down on Africans as inferiors. |
| Afonso de Albuquerque | Portuguese explorer; seized control of the island of Goa; moved to end Muslim power. |
| Mughal Empire | empire established by Muslim rulers in India. |
| Goa | island off the coast of India; became the major military and commercial base of the Portuguese after they seized it in 1510. |
| Malacca | city seized by Portuguese in early 1500s in present-day Malaysia; captured by the Dutch in 1641. |
| Outpost | distant military station. |
| Dutch East India Company | trading company formed in 1602 by wealthy Dutch merchants; had power to build armies, wage war, negotiate peace treaties, and govern overseas territories; dominated trade from Africa to Asia. |
| Sovereign | powers of a country, such as to build armies, to wage war, to negotiate peace treaties, and to govern overseas territory. |
| Philippines | archipelago in the Pacific Ocean; claimed by Ferdinand Magellan for Spain in 1521. |
| Sepoys | Indian soldiers who served in an army set up by the French or English East India company. |
| Macao | city near present-day Guangzhou; the Ming dynasty allowed the Portuguese to set up a trading post there. |
| Guangzhou | city in China previously known as Canton; became the only city in which the Ming allowed Europeans to engage in trade. |
| Matteo Ricci | Jesuit priest; brought European scientific ideas to China and translated five European books into Chinese; his other writings became an important source of information for Europeans about China. |
| Manchus | people who ruled Manchuria, a region northeast of China; invaded China in 1644, seizing Beijing and making it their capitol. |
| Qing | Chinese dynasty (1644-1912) set up by the Manchu. |
| Qianlong | ruler of Qing dynasty, 1736-1796; expanded China's borders to the largest area in the nation's history. |
| Lord Macartney | head of a British diplomatic mission to China in 1793; wanted to expand trade in China; did many things that insulted the Chinese, causing the trade negotiation to fail. |
| Nagasaki | Japanese harbor in which only one or two Dutch ships could trade a year and also pass on information about world events. |
