| A | B |
|---|
| molarity | the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution |
| chemical change | any change or reaction in which one or more substances are converted into different substances with different characteristic properties |
| physical change | any change in a property of matter that does no result in a change in identity |
| heterogeneous mixture | a mixture whose composition and properties are not uniform but that differ from point to point in the mixture |
| homogeneous mixture | a mixture whose composition and properties are unifrom throughout the mixture; also called a solution |
| kinetic engery | the energy of an object in motion |
| potential energy | energy that an object has because of its position or composition |
| reactants | the substances that undergo a chemical reaction |
| products | the new substance or substances produced by a chemical or enzyme reaction |
| precipitate | a solid that separates from a solution |
| element | a pure substance that cannot be decomposed by a naturally occuring, ordinary chemical change |
| compound | 2 or more elements combine to form a substance |
| matter | anythign that has mass and occupies space |
| mass | a measure of the quantity of matter |
| weight | a measure of the earth's gravitational attraction for matter |
| qualatative information | nonumerical information |
| quantatative information | numerical information |
| atomic mass | the mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass units |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element |
| precision | the agreement among the numerical values of a set of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way |
| accuracy | the closeness of a measurement to the tru or accepted value of the quantity measured |
| protons | subatomic particles that have a positive charge equal in magnitude to the negative charge of an electron and that are present in atomic nuclei |
| electrons | negatively charged, subatomic particles |
| neutrons | electrically neutral, subatomic particle found in atomic nuclei |
| molar mass | the mass in grams of one mole of a pure substance |
| alloy | a mixture or solution in which the atoms or two or more elements (usually metals) are uniformally mixed |
| Avogradro's number | 6.022137 x 10-23; the number of particles in 1 mol of a pure substance |
| valence electrons | the electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared in the formation of chemical compounds |
| ion | an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge |
| diatomic molecule | a molecule containing two atoms |
| chemical formula | a representation of the number of atoms of each kind in a compound using atomic symbols and subscripts |
| octet rule | chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom, by gaining losing or sharing electrons has 8 electrons (octect) in it's highest occupied energy level |
| ductility | the state of being able to be drawn, pulled, or extruded through a small opening to produce a wire |
| oxidation numbers | numbers to assigned to the atoms in molecules that show the general distribution of electrons among bonded atoms |
| synthesis reaction | a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound |
| single replacement reactions | one element replaces a similar element in a compound |
| double replacement reactions | a type of reaction in which the ions of tow compounds exchange places in an aqueous solution to form two new compounds |
| stoichiometry | the branch of chemistry dealing with mass relationships of elements in compounds and among reactants and products in chemical reactions |
| STP | agreed-upon standard conditions of exactly 1 atm pressure and 0 degrees Celsius |
| concentration | refers to teh number of particles per unit volume; a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of a solvent or solution |
| evaporation | the process by which particles escape from teh surface of a nonboiling liquid and enter the gaseous state |
| molality | the concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent |
| saturated solution | a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute possible at solution equilibrium under teh existing conditions |
| supersaturated solution | a solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution under the same conditions |
| solvent | the dissolving medium in a solution |
| solute | in a solution, the substance that is dissolved in a solvent |
| electrolyte | a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conduct electric current |
| neutralization | the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules |
| pH | the concentration of the hyudronium ions of a solution, expressed as the negative of the common logarithm |
| entropy | the property that describes the disorder of a system |
| enthalpy | the heat content of a system at constant pressure |
| heat of formation | molar heat of formation |
| heat of combustion | heat released by the complete combustion of 1 mol of a substance; definded in terms of 1 mol of reactant |
