| A | B |
|---|
| Astrolabe | a simple instrument used to find the latitude. |
| San Salvador | "Holy savior", an island in the Bahamas. |
| Hispaniola | a fort Columbus made on Cuba after the Santa Maria was crashed on a reef. |
| Discovered the New World | With 4 ships, Columbus accomplished… |
| 4 trips altogether | How many trips did Columbus make Altogether. |
| Accomplishments of the Mayas | Invented own writing, built own observatory, made accurate calendars. Also built temples and pyramids. |
| Mountains, deserts, and rainforests of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and Mexico. | Location of Mayas |
| Accomplishments of the Incas | Build palaces surrounded by walls, created network of roads, built terraces for farming, made canals, and stone aqueducts to irrigate crops. |
| Peru | Location of the Incas. |
| Accomplishments of the Aztecs | build grand temples and high pyramids, fashioned gold into jewelry. |
| Central Mexico | Location of Aztecs. |
| Wandering tribes, simple lives | North of Mexico, Native Americans lived this kind of life. |
| Plenty of deer, buffalo, fish, shell food, corn, bread, beans, and many other crops. They also raised and smoked tobacco. (not sure if memorizing this is neccasary) | Foods the Indians ate. |
| Worshiped nature (paganistic ) | Religon of the Indians |
| Humanists | The _____ taught Humans to question, to be curious, and to discover. |
| Nation making | This gave people a sense of nationalism to WAGE WAR, GAIN RICHES, and SAIL ABROAD. |
| Marco Polo | _____'s book about his adventures to China inspired explorers. |
| Christopher Columbus | This individual was inspired by Marco Polo's discovery to finally go on a voyage himself to find the NEW WORLD |
| Longitude | because of the lack of naval instruments, Europeans did not have the knowledge of longitude. |
| Caravel | a Portuguese designed new type of sailing ship with a sturdy 3-4 Mass vassal. |
| Established naval school {encouraged exploration, never went on one himself} | Prince Henry "The Navigator" accomplisments |
| Vikings | sailors who crossed the ocean in heavy open boats without the aid of a compass. |
| Amerigo Vespucci | Italian navigator from Florence. Accidently names the continent in the NEW WORLD. |
| Balboa | discovered Pacific Ocean |
| Spanish for Conqueror | Conquistador {translate} |
| Ferdinand Magellan | discovered "straight of Magellan". Sailed around the world. |
| Hernando Cortes | Conquered Aztec empire. |
| Francisco Pizarro | conquered Incan empire. |
| Ponce de Leon | discovered Floria while looking for "Fountain of Youth" |
| Coronado | discovered Grand Canyon |
| De Soto | discovered Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi river |
| John Cabot | claimed Newfoundland for England. Only took 15 days to come back to England. |
| Verrazano | Reached Cape Fear, in what is now NORTH CAROLINA. Discovered of bay of New York, mapped more of Northern America than others before him. |
| Jacques Cartier | Made 3 Voyages to the new world, he explored the GULF of St. Lawrence, the St. Lawrence River, and Quebec. |
| conquistador | Spanish soldiers "conquerors" |
| viceroy | head of the government in America |
| missions | christian-spanish fort or church |
| encomienda | "entrust" |
| hacienda | large estates |
| mercantilism | where money = power, colonies were erected for money. |
| Anglican | the church of the Tudor dynasty - Elizabeth. A mixture of the Protestant and Catholic Faiths |
| Episcopal | the Anglican church in the new world |
| Act of Supremecy | a law made by Henry VIII. Stated that Catholic church to become the head of the church in England. |
| Pirates | men on sailing ships that raided and lotted other ships |
| armada | Spanish fleet of war ships |
| Lost colony | the settlement on Ranoke Island. Mysteriously disappeared. |
| Starving time | occured in James Town. When John Smith leaves for England. |
| Indentured Servants | person who had signed an indenture, an agreement to serve a master for a certain number of years for exchange of passage to the NEW WORLD. |
| Burgess | elected legislative assembly- help made laws. Citizens |
| Seperatists | Puritans who went out of the church |
| Puritans | wanted to purify protestant church of catholic beliefs |
| Pilgrims | one who traveled to seek religious freedom. |
| log cabin | a style of house introduced in America by New Sweden |
| Quakers | a special kind of puritan who rejected all church ceremonies of worship and the authorites of priests, ministers, and bishops. |
| Proprietary Colony | a colony owned by a proprietor (person) |
| Elizabeth I | Very active in sending ships and endorsed many explorers, daughter of Henry VIII. Last ruler of the Tudor Dynasty. |
| Henry VII | Defeated Richard III in battle of Bosthworth. |
| Henry VIII | Wanted to run the church. Issued ACT OF SUPREMECY. |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | wrote good poetry, discovered Virginia, Named it. |
| John Smith | The leader of Jamestown |
| John Rolfe | Married Pocohontas, learned how to grow a type of tobacco, the English adored him. Saved Virginia with his plans. |
| James I | King who declared his subjects to confirm in religion or he would quote ‘harry them out of the land" |
| Squanto | kidnapped Indian who helped the Pilgrims settle and form a colony. Saved the Pilgrims from starvation. |
| Samuel de Champlain | expert navigator, student of science, brave explorer, and earnest missionary. Founder of New France- 1st permanent French Settlement. |
| William Penn | Established Pennsylvania - he encouraged religious freeedom. |
| 1. lure of Gold and Silver to find the water passage (North-west passage) 3. to challenge the country of Spain 4. to find raw materials 5. The Americas would become a market for British Goods. 6. They could convert people to PROTESTANT Christianity | 6 reasons why the English wanted colonies - |
| 1. mosquitos which carried maleria 2. undrinkable well water 3. Indian raids 4. quarreling among themselves | Problems for Jamestown |
| The English thought the Indians were a part of the wilderness that they aimed to clear away. Didn’t care much to convert them. | Explain the English policy toward the Indians - |
| They tried to covert them into Christianity. Spain tried to erase the Indians paganistic beliefes and instead replaced them with their own. They also frequently slaved them. | Explain the Spanish policy toward the Indians |
| God, Gold, and Glory | What was the motivation of the Spanish Explorers - |
| Didn’t care much about colonies. Spain got quite rich while the colonies were made to produce the raw materials necessary for the production of goods. | How did the wealth from the Americas affect Spain? |
| The Indian population was dwindling from disease, famine, and other catastrophies that were brought down from Europe. The Indians population was soon replaced with black slaves. | Explain the decline in Indian population - |
| 1588, it marked the rise of England, and the decline of Spain. England trade grew and new industries were prospering. | Defeat of the Invincible Armada (year & effects) |
| Several people buy shares of a stock, so the risks in the venture could be divided. Investors divided loss or profits depending on the resolution of the voyage. (investors DID NOT go on ship) | Define: joint stock company |
| An assembly elected by the colonists to make laws. (first-elected body in America) | Define House of Burgesses - |
| An agreeement (convenant) that the settlers of Plymouth Rock agreed upon before they stepped foot out of their ship. | Define the Mayflower Compact |
| It kept order in the infant country and later became the foundation for the state of Mississipi. Also was an example to the Massachusets Colony Compact and The U.S Constitution. | Why was the Compact Important |
| -thought they could gain riches -to seek refuge from famine and religious restrictions. -new life -land | List the motivations of the settlers to travel to the New World - |
| Spanish colonies - Spanish King thought of the conlies as his personal property. The council gad absolute power over colonial life. Sent missionaries. French Colonies - Colonies strictly restricted due to religious beliefs. Only French Roman Catholic could settle in the colonies. Protestants weren’t allowed to enter the New World. English Colonies - English monarchy wisely led their dissenters (individuals who didn’t abide by the same beliefs as the crown) leave. Colonial life was also a bit less restricted. | Overall, describe the differences in the Spanish, English & French colonies. What made each unique? |
| Art from natural talent (untrained artist) | Define folk art |
| It tells us what people valued, It also tells about cultures, style, occupations, environment, animals, necessities, etc. | How does folk art describe history |
| -paintings -quilts -furniture -sculptures. | List examples of folk art - |
| Edward Hicks and Warren Kimble | List examples of a few American folk artists - |
| 1763 | What year did the French & Indian War end? |
| 60% = English and 40% = Scotish-Irish, Irish, Portuguese, Jews, Swedes, Finns, Swiss, Austrians, Italians, Germans, Spnaish, French Protestant, Dutch. | Americans after the French & Indian War |
| Paul Revere | Famous French Huguenot who made the famous ride to tell the colonies that the British were preparing to raid them. He galloped in LEXINGTON, yes steve, thats IMPORTANT to know! lol |
| Virginia: 1606 Maryland: 1632 The Carolinas: 1663 Georgia: 1733 | Year each Southern Colony was settled (not sure if this information is necessary) |
| tobacco | Products of Maryland & Virginia |
| rice and indigo | Products of Carolinas and Georgia |
| they could get manufactured goods from England, and England could get raw goods from America | Because of Mercantlism, the colonies were to benefit the mother country and the southern colonies were tired to Britian because - |
| Plymouth: 1630 Massachusetts Bay: 1630 New Hampshire: 1622 Hartford: 1636 New Haven: 1639 Rhode Island: 1636 | Year each Northern Colony was settled (not sure if this information is necessary) |
| Fishing | _____ was the main industry in the Northern Colonies |
| Navigation acts | essentially told the Northern colonies where they could sail and limiting where they could carry produce of the colonies. |
| New England ignored the Navigation Acts and sailed wherever they wanted. | New Englands Reaction to the Navigation Acts |
| New York: 1624 New Jersey: 1664 Pennsylvania; 1682 Delaware: 1638 | Year each Middle Colony was settled (not sure if this information is necessary) |
| They had No REAL attachment to England. Was mostly made up of other nationalities, well-balanced economies with a variety of products from rich soil. | Did the Middle Colonies have a strong relation ship? |
| EVERY member of the family had to work on the farm | How many of the family were required to work on the farm? |
| 10 or 11 | The average # of children- |
| farmer, chef, and tailor | Women had many jobs such as: |
| hold office or vote | women could not: |
| Parents from the old world chose the professions of their children and even arranged their marriages. | JUST SOME EXTRA INFORMATION, TURN TO SEE IT! |
| Protestant | The majority of the New World followed the _____ Christianity |
| education. | So much stress was placed on |
| a school. | In Massachussets, every community of 50 families had to build |
| Harvard | The first college was _____ |
| 1636 | Harvard was built in |
| 1704 | first succesful newspaper was in |
| Zenger critisized the governor of New York and was tried for liable cases. He won and continued to publish the paper. | 1733: Explain the Zenger Case (What happened & results) |
| It started the reform in which America was eventually made into a truly democratic country. | The Zenger Case became the "morning star of that liberty which subsequently revolutionized America" Explain this quote: |
| Canadian Indians and their French allies destroyed Deerfield, killing 49 and marching more than 100 residents on show shoes to a settlement near Montreal. | The Deerfield Massacre (explain the events) - |
| They attacked Quebec by the leadership of George Washington. They attacked many French strongholds. | English Reactions to this Raids- |
| Albany | George Washington won his first skirmish at: |
| 1755 | The French & Indian War Began in: |
| To watch out for surprise attack by Indians | General Braddock ignored Benjamin Franklin’s advice to: |
| The Indians surprise attacked from behind trees and rocks. The general was killed and 976 of his men died and were wounded. | As a result of General Braddocks ignoring Benjamin Franklin....- |
| Prime Minister of England | In 1757 William Pitt came to power as the |
| ARMIES (and its fleet spread over the globe) | William Pitt put new life into its |
| fighting for a worldwide empire and not just defending American colonists. | He realized that the British troops in America were |
| the British and Americans worked together against the French all along the line. | What happened In 1758 after Prime minister William Pitt took control |
| the English won both opposing generals: Wolfe and Moncalm | Outcome of the FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR- |
| 1763 -the same year the FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR ended | When was the Peace of Paris signed |
| All of Canada, all French land between the Mississippi and Appalachian Mountains. | England gained these lands - |
| 1) Set aside beliefs & superstitions. 2) Rely on observations & experiments | Scientific Revolution had 2 concepts- NAME THEM |
| knowledge of the world that can be tested & approved by observation & experiment. | Science DEFINITION |
| Sir Francis Bacon | English Philosopher (16 cent) Created the SCIENTIFIC METHOD |
| Earth Centered Universe | What was the Geocentric Theory |
| Copernicus | Polish astronomer + mathematician (16 century) derived the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY |
| Sun Centered Universe | What was the Heliocentric Theory? |
| Copernicus | Who wrote the REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY BODIES |
| Kepler | German mathematician + astronomer (17 century) , wrote the 3 LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION |
| 1. Planets move in ellipses around the sun (sun stays in place). 2. Speed of planet increases when it is closer to the sun. 3. Time to revolve + Distance from sun = a mathematical relationship | Three Laws of Planetary Motion (kepler wrote them) |
| Galileo | Italian mathematician + astronomer (late 16th century to early 17th century) |
| Galileo | -Disproved Aristotle’s Thoery |
| Galileo | -Build a telescope (enlarged 30 times) |
| Galileo | Wrote the {Law of Inertia = object remains at rest or in a straight line motion unless acted upon by an external force.} |
| Galileo | Often said to be the Founder (father) of Experimental Science |
