| A | B |
|---|
| What are some church issues & problems? | reformed church laws, end marriage of priests, end simony(selling of positions of church) |
| What religious organizations are formed to reform and serve? | Friars to spread ideas of Church and women entered convents |
| Describe the 1st Crusade: | the armies were ill-prepared; the nobles argued among themselves; an army of 12,000 eventually capture Jerusalem |
| Describe the 2nd Crusade: | organized to recapture Edessa from the Turks; the Christian armies were defeated and Jerusalem was lost to the Muslims |
| What is the Spanish Inquisition? | Jewish and Muslim converts to Christianity were questionsed for weeks and tortured for heresy, some were burned |
| What is the apprenticeship process? | young people learning a craft were bound by indenture to learn a trade or art from a skilled person |
| What groups invaded England? | Danish Vikings, Germanic groups, Vikings, Anglo-Saxons, Norman invasion |
| Who loses most of his French lands and is forced to sign the Magna Carta? | King John |
| What is the Normand Conquest? | in 1066, King Edward died(England), invader William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy(France) took control of England |
| Who is Elenor of Aquitaine? | she married Henry II of England-previously she had been married to a French King-so Henry gained territroy in England |
| What is the Model parliament? | the meeting King Edward I of England called needing money for war |
| What is the Estates-General? | meeting of representatives(common people & nobles) to appeal lords' decisions |
| What is the Capetain dynasty? | in France-new dynasty of kings-strong central government gave king more power |
| What was used in the Hundred Years' War battles? | archers used longbows, weapons launched arrows that killed 1/3 of French troops |
| Who is Joan of Arc? | she led the army of France to victory, was captured & Church authorities tried her as a witch and burned her at the stake |
| Describe the 3rd Crusade: | attempt to recapture Jerusalem; King Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce; Jerusalem remained under Muslim control |
| Describe the 4th Crusade: | Pope Innocent III wanted to try to recapture Jerusalem; knights looted Constantinoplep; split between the Churches of the west and east |
| Describe the Children's Crusade: | thousands of children set out for the Holy Land, but they were unsuccessive; most died and the rest were sold into slavery before reaching the Holy Land |
| What were the spiritual revivals and Church reforms beginning in 1000? | a new age of spiritual feeling called the Age of Faith |
| What is a description of the Gothic cathedrals of the 1100's? | they were towering, reaching toward heaven. and light streamed through colorful stained-glass windows |
| What are the causes and outcomes of the Crusades? | weakened feudal nobility; thousands of deaths; increased trade between Europe and Southeast Asia; split in the Church; legacy of bitterness and hatred between Christians and Muslims |
| What were medieval advances in agriculture? | horses pulled plows, rotated crops, planted 2/3 of their fields and 1/3 unplanted |
| What were reasons for the expansion of trade and finance in the Middle Ages? | food supply increased & trade and finance increased-more trade meant merchants needed more cash-borrow money to buy goods |
| How did the growth of trade cause the growth of medieval towns? | trade was booming and towns grew larger and more important-peasants fled to towns eventually becoming free(1 year and 1 day) |
| How did the interest in learning grow in the Middle Ages? | growing trade and wealth-large learning centers called universities, writers began using vernacular(everyday language), contact with Muslims |
| Who were the various invaders that contributed to English culture? | Danish Vikings, Germanic groups, Vikings, Anglo-Saxons, Norman invaders |
| How did England's government take the first steps towards democracy? | writing of Magna Carta which limits power of king & protected the people, Model Parliament which met to approve the king's tax plan |
| What were the contributions of France's Capetian rulers? | tripled the lands, stronger central government, set up courts, people could appeal decisions, meetings of representatives called Estates General |
| What were the problems faced by the Church during the 1300 and early 1400's? | church lost prestige because it could not stop the plague |
| What is the bubonic plague and its effects on Europe? | a deadly disease; trade declined, prices rose, towns became smaller, peasants demanded wages, aware of death, pessimistic, and fearful of the future |
| What is the Hundred Years' War and what was it's impact? | English king Edward III began a war to win control of France-after the war French and English had a strong national feeling and king was a leader of a nation |
| Who were the three main groups involved in the Hundred Years' War, not counting the Church? | England, France, and peasants |
| What did the death of Joan of Arc show about the relationship between the political and spiritual powers in Europe towards te end of the Midddle Ages? | worked closeley together |
| Church reformers believed that bishops should be appointed by whom? | the Church; as opposed to lay investiture |
| Where did the Church reform movement begin? | At the Benedictine monastery at Cluny in France |
| In the 1100s and 1200s, the Churchw as restructured to resemble what? | a kingdom |
| What was the name of the pope's group of advisers? | papal Curia |
| What kind of architecture began to replace Romanesque style? | Gothic |
| What did the cathedral represent? | The City of God |
| What was the goal of the crusades? | to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks |
| What was the Reconquista? | a long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain |
| What European institution was at the center of the growth in learning? | the university |
| Whose ideas, influenced by Aristotle, brought about change in western Europe? | Thomas Aquinas |
| What did Muslims provide through preservation of libraries? | Ancient Greek and Roman works |
| Who is the king who united the invading Germanic tribes? | Canute |
| Who was the duke of Normandy who declared all of England his personal property? | William the Conqueror |
| Who strengthens the royal courts and helps create the body of common law? | Henry II |
| Who summons the first parliament of nobles and commoners? | Edward I |
| What Three things does King Philip II of France do? | regains land from England, triples the land under his control, and establishes a central government |
| What does Louis IX of France do? | strengthens the monarchy and central government of France |
| Who includes the Third Estate in the meeting of the Estates General, helping to increase royal power? | Philip IV |
| Where did the papacy move? | Avignon, France |
| How did Philip IV lead the papacy to move? | He set the rule of kings above papal rule; he held the pope prisoner |
| Who were two men who spoke out against the Church? | John Wycliff and Jan Hus |
| What did John Wycliff say about the leadership of the Church? | Jesus Christ, not the pope is the head of the Church; and that the Bible alone was the final authority for Christian life |
| What did Jan Hus teach about the authority of the Church? | the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope |
| What percentage of Europe's population died from the Bubonic Plague? | nearly 1/4 |
| What weapon helps the English defeat the French? | longbow |
| What are the effects of the Hundred Years' War? | gives rise to nationalism; empowers the French king and the English parliament; marks the end of the Middle Ages |
| What event marks the end of the Middle Ages? | The end of the Hundred Years' war |
| What were the three main abuses that most distressed Church reformers? Explain. | By marrying, villiage priests went against Church rulings; by selling Church positions (simony), bishops seemed to be using their power to gain wealth at the expense of the Church; by appointing bishops, kings gained undue influence over the Church |
| Name a short-term and a long-term effect of the switch to the three-field system. | short-term: productivity increased; long-term: population increased |
| How did the growth of towns hurt the feudal system? | Towns drew serfs awayy from the manor; the new middle class challenged feudal authority |
| What role did Jews and Muslims play in Christian Europe's financial revolution? | Before the Church relaxed its rules on usury, Jews served as moneylenders, allow merchants to finance purchases. After the crusades, Christian trade with Muslims contributd to Europe's financial revolution. |
| How did William the Conqueror extend his rule over all of England after the Battle of Hastings? | He claimed all of England as his personal property. Then he granted fiefs to about 200 loyal Norman lords, assuring central control of England |
| What circumstances led King John to accept the Magna Carta? | King John raised taxes to an all-time high to pay for wars in which he lost enormous amounts of territory. His nobles revolted and forced him to grant them basic political rights as listed in the Magna Carta. |
| Why did the Bubonic Plague cause people to turn away from the Church? | The Church lost prestige when its prayers and penances failed to stop the plague and when priests abandoned their duties out of fear. People began looking for ways to establish an individual relationship with God. |
| How did the Hundred Years' War end European armies' reliance on mounted knights? | Knights proved to be no match for long-bowmen, whose arrow barrages won several victories during the war. |
