| A | B |
|---|
| nucleic acid | biochemical component of DNA |
| nucleotides | subunits of DNA |
| polymers | long chains of repeating units |
| double helix | Watson and Crick model;shape of a twisted ladder |
| replication | DNA makes a copy of itself |
| Hydrogen bonds | bonds that hold together DNA base pairs |
| polypeptides | chains of amino acids |
| RNA | single strand of genetic code capable of leaving the nucleus |
| translation | RNA coding for a protein; protein synthesis |
| mRNA | contains codons; made by transcription; |
| transcription | DNA temporarily splits to make a single strand of RNA |
| ribosome | location of protein synthesis |
| rRNA | with a protein, it makes a ribosome |
| tRNA | carries amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis |
| codon | every three nucleotides on an mRNA |
| anitcodon | loop of three codons on the tRNA that must complement the codon |
| mutation | sudden change in amount or structure of hereditary material |
| mutants | first individuals showing a new trait |
| chromosomal mutations | abnormal change in structure of all or part of a chromosome or the number of chromosomes |
| gene mutations | change that effects a gene on a chromosome |
| mutagen | anything in the environment that can cause mutations |
| translocation | transfer of a part of a chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome |
| inversion | piece of a chromosome is rotated |
| addition | piece of a chromosome breaks off and attaches itself to a homologous chromosome |
| deletion | piece of a chromosome breaks off causing a loss of genes |
| nondisjunction | addition or loss of an entire chromosome due to a failure to separate at meiosis |
| Downs syndrome | extra 21st chromosome; learning disabilites and some physical abnormalities |
| Turner Syndrome | female missing an X chromosome; underdevelopmed sex characteristics |
| Klinefelter Syndrome | male with extra X chromosome; underdeveloped sex organs |
| karyotyping | method to photograph and analyze chromosomes |
| amniocentesis | examination of amniotic fluid to detect gender and disorders |
| sickle-cell disease | recessive; rbc's look like bananas |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | recessive; enzymes cannot break down a certain amino acid; damages brain tissue |
| Tay-Sachs disease | recessive; prevents lipid breakdown; build up in the brain |
| cystic fibrosis | recessive; produces a thick mucous that clogs and damages lungs |
| Huntington disease | dominant; progressive breakdown of brain cells |
| point mutations | substitution of one nucleotide for another; one amino acid changed |
| frameshift mutation | added or deleted nucleotide; entire amino acid sequence change |
| genetic engineering | cut, separate, splice (join) pieces of DNA; manipulation of DNA |
| restriction enzymes | used to cut DNA |
| cloning | large number of cells grown from a single cell |
| gene therapy | transfer of normal genes to correct genetic defects |
| human genome project | mapped every gene of every chromosome in the human body |
| genome | all the genes of an organism |
| gel electrophoresis | uses electric current to separate substances |
