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| geography | the study of earth's environment and how it shapes people's lives and how Earth is shaped in turn by people's activities |
| region | an area with common features that set it apart from other areas |
| landform | a feature of earth's surface, such as a mountain range, plain, or plateau. |
| climate | the weather pattern of an area over a long period of time |
| culture | the way of life of a group of people at a particular time, including their daily habits, beliefs, and arts |
| degree | In geography, a unit of measurement that indicates the distances between lines of latitude and longitude; a unit of measurement for temperature |
| custom | a way of living that people of the same culture practice regularly over time |
| values | Ideals or beliefs that guide the way people live |
| interaction | the exchange of ideas and customs among cultures |
| New Delhi | the capital of India and one of the most populous cities in the world |
| continent | one of earth's seven large bodies of land |
| hemisphere | one of the halves of earth |
| equator | an imaginary line circling earth half way between the North and South Poles and dividing Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres |
| longitude | distance east or west of the prime meridian measured by a set of imaginary lines (meridians) that run north and south from earth's poles |
| meridian | any line of longitude east or west of earth's prime meridian |
| prime meridian | the line of longitude marked 0 degrees on the world map from which east or west are measured. |
| latitude | distance north or south of the equator measured by a set of imaginary lines or parallels, that run east and west around earth |
| parallel | In geography, any line of latitude north or south of the equator. parallels never cross or meet |
| global grid | pattern formed on a map or globe by the crossing of parallels and meridians. This pattern makes it possible to pinpoint exact locations |
| history | the story or record of what has happened in the past |
| oral tradition | the passing on of history, beliefs, or customs by word of mouth |
| artifact | an object made by someone in the past |
| primary source | a first-hand account of an event or an artifact created during the period of history being studied |
| secondary source | a record of the past based on information from primary sources |
| archaeology | the study of the remains of past cultures |
| excavate | to dig or to scoop out earth |
| prehistory | the period before events were recorded in writing |
| Konard Spinner | German archaeologist who analyzed 5,000 - year- old ice man body found in Alps |
| Alps | Europe's highest mountain. Extending in an arc from the Mediterranean Coast to the Balkan Peninsula |
| technology | the use of skills and tools to meet practical human needs |
| old stone age | the period of human prehistory that lasted until about 12,000 years ago, during which stone tools were the most common technology used by humans |
| hunter-gatherer | a person of the old stone age who met needs by hunting animals and gathering plants |
| border cave | a major archeology site in Zuland, South Africa and home of old stone age hunters and gatherers |
| agriculture | the raising of crops and animals for human use. |
| New Stone Age | the period of human prehistory that lasted from 12,000 years ago to about 6,000 years ago, during which people still depended mainly on stone tools and began experimenting with agriculture |
| domesticate | to train animals to be useful to people |
| surplus | an extra supply of something such as crops that are not needed immediately for food |
| specialization | training to do a particular kind of work |
| civilization | a culture that has developed systems of specialization, religion, learning, and government |
| trade | the exchange of goods between peoples |
| circa | a latin word often abbreviated "C" that means about or around |
| unification | the joining of separate parts, such as Kingdoms, into one |
| pharaoh | the title used by the rulers of ancient Egypt |
| economy | the way people manage money and resources for the production of goods and services |
| Hieroglyphics | the ancient Egyptian system of writing that used symbols to stand for objects, ideas, or sounds |
| scribe | a professional writer who kept records and copied letters and critical documents |
| papyrus | A kind of paper made from Papyus, a plant growing along the Nile, that the ancient Egyptians used for writing |
| Minos | King of upper Egypt who united upper and lower Egypt |
| Khufu | Egyptian pharaoh who built the great pyramid |
| Memphis | capital of Egypt's old kingdom located on the Nile |
| Thebes | An ancient city in upper Ehypt that became the capital of the New Kingdom |
| Nubia | an ancient kingdom in south Egypt |
| Kush | An ancient kingdom in north-eastern Africa, conquered by Egypt. It later regained independence and flourished through trade between C 500 BC and AD 150 |
| Empire | a group of lands and people ruled by one government |
| Ahmose | new kingdom pharaoh who drove the Hyksos out of the Nile Delta and reunited Egypt |
| Hatshepsut | one of the few women Egyptian pharaohs organized a trade expedition |
| Tutankhamun | Egyptian Pharaoh who ruled from about age of 7 to 17 |
| silt | a mixture of tiny bits of soil and rock carried and deposited by a river |
| Delta | the flat fan-shaped land made of silt deposited at the mouth of a river |
| Nile river | the world's largest river which flows northward through East Africa into Mediteranean Sea |
| Lower Egypt | the southern part of Egypt |
| Upper Egypt | the northern part of Egypt |
| linen | a woven cloth made of flax (plant) fibers |
| barren | a place where nothing will grow |
| precious | something that is very special or valueable |
| archelogical | something which relates to archeology. |
| upstream | to move up the river |
| oasis | a fertile area in the middle of the desert that has underground source of water |
| quarry | a place where rock is cut out from the ground |
| sandstone | brown stone used for building temples in ancient Egypt |
| cataract | rocky areas in the river bed of the Nile which make the water flow unevenly |
| plateau | an area of flat land that rises above the surrounding land |
| drought | a long period of dry weather |
| fertile crescent | a fertile region in Southwestern Asia that includes the region of Mesopotamia |
| Tigris River | a river in Southwestern Asia that flows through the Eastern part of the Fertile Crescent |
| Euphrades River | a river in Southwestern Asia that flows through the southern part of the fertile crescent |
| Mesopotamia | the region between the Trigis and Euphrates rivers; birth place of the Sumerian and Babylonian civiliations |
| cuneiform | asystem of writing that used wedge-shaped symbols |
| city-state | a self-governing city often with surrounding lands and villages |
| Ziggurat | a large temple located in the centers of ancient Sumerianatics |
| polythemism | the belief in many gods and goddesses |
| code of law | a written set of laws that apply to everyone under the government |
| Sargon | King of city-state Kish; united the city-states of Sumer to create an empire |
| Ammurites | King of the Babylonian empire |
| Sumer | a group of ancient city states in south Mesopotamia, the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia |
| Babylonian | an ancient Mesopotamian empire that extended through the fertile crescent in the 1700s |
