| A | B |
|---|
| Election of 1952 | Americans wanted relief from Korean War and end to political scandals= First Republican victory in 20 years= Eisenhower's good reputation almost ruined by reports saying that running-mate's Richard Nixon used campaign funds for his own personal use |
| Checkers Speech | Was how Nixon saved himself/his future career in the election= Used the TV; apologized with family by side |
| Eisenhower's Leadership | Emphasized the delegation of authority= filled cabinet with successful corporate executives= Had a businesslike tone= Called his balanced/moderate political approach "Modern Republicanism" |
| Eisenhower's Domestic Policies | Conservative whose 1st goal was balancing the budget after years of deficit spending= Curbed federal spending (made it balanced)= Was a moderate on domestic issues; thus accepted New Deal programs= Extended Social Security to many more people, increased minimum wage, built additional public houses= Started soil-bank program for farmers to reduce farm production and thus increase farm income= OPPOSED ideas of federal health care insurance and federal aid to education |
| Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) | Was how Eisenhower consolidated administration of welfare programs= Led by Oveta Culp Hobby (first woman in Republican cabinet) |
| Eisenhower's Focus | Focused on foreign policy and international crises caused by Cold War |
| John Foster Dulles | Critical of Truman's containment policy as passive= Wanted policy challenging Soviets and People's Republic of China and wanted to free captive nations of eastern Europe (thus encouraging Chinese Nationalist to assert itself against Red/Communist China |
| Brinkmanship | Dulles's idea that said Communist powers would back down if U.S. pushed the to brink of war because of U.S. nuclear superiority (appealed to conservatives/scared others) |
| What did Dulles advocate? Why? | Greater reliance on nukes/air power and less spending on army/navy forces= REASON: Save money ("Bang for buck"), balance fed. budget, increase pressure on potential enemies |
| Result of Dulles's suggestions | U.S. developed H-Bomb; Soviets also make H-Bomb= Saw that nukes are powerful in fighting superpowers to the death, but they didn't prevent small wars from breaking out |
| Third World Countries | New independent countries made when colonial empires collapsed after WWII= Important because they needed foreign aid (from U.S. or Soviets) because they weren't industrialized yet and lacked stable political/economic institutions (thus were pawns in the Cold War) |
| Covert Action | Used spies in other nations (instead of U.S. troops) because less expensive |
| CIA important actions | (Example of Covert Action) CIA helped overthrow Iranian government that tried to nationalize holding of foreign oil companies (allowed Reza Pahlavi as shah [monarch] to return to Iran and then give West good oil $ and bought large amounts of American arms)= Later overthrew leftist gov. in Guatemala threatening U.S. business interests |
| Result of U.S. Anti-Communism Feelings | Government supported corrupt/ruthless dictators (especially in Latin America) to prevent communism= RESULT: Produced anti-American feelings that resulted in Venezuelans attacking Nixon's goodwill tour of South America |
| Korean Armistice: Cause and Result | Eisenhower went to Korea to see U.N. forces and see what could be done to end war (thought no quick fix)= However, diplomacy, nuke-war threat, and Stalin's death caused China and North korea to agree to armistice and exchange of prisoners= RESULT: Fighting stopped, most U.S. troops withdrawn, and Korea stayed divided at 38th Parallel |
| France and Indochina: What is it? Cause and Result | France tried to reclaim their Southeast Asian colony (was taken by Japanese in WWII)= Inhabitants wanted indep.; thus resisted and supported nationalist/communist leader Ho Chi Minh= RESULT: U.S. military aid to French; Soviet/China aid to Viet minh guerrillas led by Ho Chi Minh= Largest French army trapped at Dien Bien Phu and surrendered= U.S. ignored France's help cry= France gave up Indochina, at Geneva conference, and was divided into independent nations |
| Geneva Conference | Divided Vietnam at 17th parallel (and stayed divided after 2 hostile governments took power on both sides of line |
| Describe divided Vietnam | North Vietnam= Communist dictatorship under Ho Chi Minh || South Vietnam= Gov. under Ngo Dinh Diem (supported by anticommunists, Catholics, and urban [most fled from Communist rule in North])= Election to Unite Vietnam was never held (South gov. feared communist victory) |
| Domino Theory | Made to justify U.S. aid given to South Vietnam to build stable/anticommunist state= Said if South Vietnam fell to Communism, other Southeast Asian nations would fall |
| Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) | Created by Dulles to keep South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from falling to communism= 8 nations (U.S./Britain/France/Australia/New Zealand/Philippines/Thailand/Pakistan) signed and agreed to defend each other if attack in region |
| Difficulty in the Middle East | Had to maintain friendly ties with oil-rich Arab states and also support new state of Israel (made British civil war left Palestinian territory divided between israelis and Palestinians) |
| Suez Crisis: Cause, Results | General Gamal Nasser of Egypt asked U.S. for funds to build Aswan Dam project on Nile River; U.S. said no because Egypt threatened Israel's security= Turned to Soviets; agreed= Seized British-French owned Suez Canal in trying to get more support= Loss of canal threatened Western Europe's supply of oil= RESULT: Britain, France, Israel carried out surprise attack against Egypt and retook canal= RESULT: Eisenhower angered; condemned invasion, forced them to withdraw forces (Britain and France would never play major power role again) |
| Eisenhower Doctrine | U.S. pledge economic/military aid to any Middle East country threatened by communism (made because U.S. now dominated middle east and threatened by communism)= Used doctrine in Lebanon by sending troops to prevent civil war between Christians and Muslims |
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | Made when Arab nations joined Venezuela |
| The world after Stalin's Death | Eisenhower called for slowdown of arms race and presented U.N. with an atoms for peace plan= Soviets also wanted to reduce Cold War tension (withdrew troops from Austria and established peaceful relations with Greece/Turkey)= RESULT: Eisenhower and new Soviet premier, Nikolai Bulganin, met at Geneva where U.S. proposed open skies/arial photography to reduce nuke-tensions (Soviets rejected)= RESULT: Both sides wanted better relations (Bulganin denounced Stalin's actions as evil) |
| Hungarian Revolt: Cause and Effect | Relaxation of Cold War tensions made East Germany/Poland workers demand reforms from the Communist govs.= Hungarian people successfully revolted and replaced gov. with liberals wanting to pull Hungary out of the Warsaw Pact (=Communist security organization)= Soviets sent tanks and crushed the freedom fighters; U.S. stayed out of conflict (feared intervention would cause European World War)= RESULT: Not sending in forces showed U.S. recognition of Soviet sphere of influence in East Europe and ended Dulles's talk of liberating the region (also ended the temporary peace of the Cold War) |
| Sputnik I / Sputnik II | Russian satellites launched into orbit (shocked world)= U.S. technological attempts to copy Soviets kept failing (U.S. science falling behind)= Increased nuke-war fear because missile that launched satellite could launch missile anywhere in the world |
| National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) | (Response to Sputnik/U.S. technological slow down) Authorized giving much federal $ to schools for science/foreign language education |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) | (Response to Sputnik/U.S. technological slow down) Would direct U.S. efforts to build missiles/explore outer space |
| Second Berlin Crisis | Khrushchev said he would destroy capitalism (encouraged by Sputnik)= Gave West 6 months to pull out of West Berlin before turning the city over to East Germans= Eisenhower avoided crisis by inviting Khrushchev to Cam David (called off the attack) |
| U-2 | Spy plane shot down over Russia= Exposed U.S. spy tactics= Eisenhower took responsibility of flight(s)= Forced Khrushchev to call off the Paris summit peace talks (set up by Camp David talks) |
| Cuba to Communism | Fidel Castro overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista= Casto nationalized American-owned businesses/properties; Eisenhower thus cut off U.S. trade with Cuba= Castro turned to Soviets (was a Marxist because he set up totalitarian state)= Threatened U.S. because Communism now close to U.S. |
| Eisenhower's Legacy and Farewell Address | First to initiate arms limitations by voluntarily suspending above-ground nuke-testing= Warned against the arms-race and the military nation that the U.S. was becoming |
| African American status after WWII | Jackie Robinson was first black to play baseball (played on Dodgers)= Blacks still legally segregated in South from white schools/public facilities and kept from voting by poll taxes/literacy tests/grandfather causes/intimidation= RESULT: Segregation left black undereducated/poor |
| First Signs of the Civil Rights Movement | When blacks moved from rural South to urban centers of North/South= Many joined Democrats during New Deal (greater political influence) |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson: What did it do and how did the NAACP react? | Allowed segregation in separate but equal facilities= NAACP fought/won cases involving higher black education |
| Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka | (Argued by group of NAACP leaders led by Thurgood Marshall) Argued that segregation of black children in public schools was unconstitutional because it violated the 14th Amendment's guarantee of equal protection of the laws= Supreme court agreed and even overturned Plessy case= Ruled that separate facilities are inherently unequal and unconstitutional and segregation in schools should end quickly |
| Little Rock Central High School | Example of South's resistance to Brown case's decision= South used National Guard to prevent 9 Blacks from entering the school (ordered by federal court)= Eisenhower ordered federal troops to stand guard and protect black students as they walked to school (did not agree with ruling but recognized constitutional responsibility) |
| Rosa Parks | Sat in white section of buss (too tired to move) in Montgomery= Arrest; angered many; resulted in boycott of blacks not riding the buss= Martin Luther King, Jr. emerged as a great nonviolent leader for integration= RESULT: Supreme Court ruled segregation laws unconstitutional |
| Eisenhower's 2 Civil Rights Laws | (First since Reconstruction) Made a permanent Civil Rights Commission and gave Justice Department new powers to protect voting rights of blacks (South still used preventative measures) |
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) | (Formed by Martin Luther King, Jr.) Organized ministers/churches in South to get behind civil rights struggle (was nonviolent protest) |
| Sit-In Movement | Movement of black college students who sat in lunch room after being refused service at a segregated facility (was nonviolent) |
| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) | Made to keep Civil rights movement organized= (Later used the sit-in tactic to desegregate other places) |
| Television | Became center of family life; one for every 3.3 Americans; dominated by 3 national networks (presented all types of shows)= FCC chairman Newton Minnow was a television critic and worried about TV's impact on kids who watched 4-5 hours daily= TV provided common content for kid's language |
| Advertising | Utilized television and increased material wants= Resulted in creation of credit cards/etc. to pay for goods in the new shopping centers |
| Music and Reading | Increased dramatically= People loved rock (a blend of African American rhythm and blues with white country music popularized by Elvis Presley) |
| Corporate America | People began to dominate industries; more Americans held white-collar jobs than blue-collar jobs= Corporations promoted teamwork/conformity (i.e. dress codes/business suits)= Unions became more powerful after the AF of L and CIO joined (also became conservative as blue-collar workers began enjoying middle-class incomes) |
| The Organization of Man | (Written by William Whyte) Commented on loss of individuality (brought on by dress codes/business suits) |
| Protestant, Catholic, Jew | (Written by Will Herberg) Commented on new religious tolerance and lack of interest in doctrine as religious membership became a source of individual identity and socialization |
| Baby and Child Care | (Written by Dr. Benjamin Spock) Reaffirmed traditional view of woman's role being that of a child/home carer (brought on by baby boom which made women full time homeworkers) |
| How were women feeling? | Dissatisfaction grew among well-educated/middle class women= More married/middle aged women entered the workforce (employers still saw women as homeworkers and thus payed them less than men) |
| The Lonely Crowd | (Written by David Riesman) Criticized replacement of inner-directed individuals in society with other-directed conformists |
| The Affluent Society | (Written by economist John Kenneth Galbraith) About failure of wealthy Americans to address needs of increased social spending for the common good |
| "White Collar" and "The Power Elite" | (Written by sociologist C. Wright Mills) Portrayed the dehumanizing corporate worlds and threats to freedom |
| The Catcher in the Rye | (Written by J.D. Salinger) Novelist who commented on the individual's struggle against conformity and phoniness |
| Catch-22 | (Written by Joseph Heller) Novelist who criticized the stupidity of war/military |
| Beatniks | (Led by Jack Kerouac ["On the Road"] and Allen Ginsberg ["Howl"]) Group of rebellious writers/poets who advocated spontaneity, use of drubs, and rebellion against societal standards |
