| A | B |
|---|
| culture | a people's way of life |
| cultural diffusion | involves the spread of a people's way of life (language, religion, sports,etc.) to other regions or nations. It occurs most rapidly where contact with other groups is greatest, and has been accelerated in the 20th century through technology |
| deserts, mountains, and rainforests | often isolate people from one another, prevents cultural diffusion, and prevents the unification of people in a given region |
| archaeology | (the study of the culture of ancient peoples through the study of artifacts and fossilized human remains) is used to help in the discovery and interpretation of a society's past. |
| early civilizations | developed in valleys near rivers b/c rivers permitted agriculture and easy transportation and communication. This allowed the development of complex institutions such as cities with gov'ts as well as written languages |
| traditional societies | usually based upon the extended family, and the family is responsible for teaching values. In these societies, children give respect to their elders, often work in the occupations of their parents, and little change is accepted. Geographic isolation preserves a traditional way of life, but technological development and urbanization often weaken these societies |
| urbanization | generally weakens traditional values and ways of life, and brings with it opportunities for increased social mobility |
| ethnocentrism | involves the belief that your culture and society is superior to all others |
| nationalism | a feeling of loyalty among a people to their values and traditions. |
| nationalism | Often unifies a people of a given region through common customs, beliefs, language, and history, and frequently leads to independence mov'ts |
| democratic societies | characterized by respect for individual rights and a commitment to all civil liberties |
| feudal societies | a rigid class structure and an emphasis on social order |
| feudal societies | in the middle ages in europe it involved the exchange of land in return for military services and other obligations |
| capitalist economic systems | driven by the profit motive, and capitalists make money by supplying what consumers demand in these free market economies |
| laissez-faire capitalism | when gov'ts stay out of economic matters |
| command economic systems | operate, not through the free market, but through gov't planning |
| command economic systems | a central gov't planning agency determines how all resources will be used, which goods will be produced, and who will get them |
| mercantalism | a trade policy in which a nation attempts to maintain a fovorable balance of trade and accumulate as much gold and silver as possible |
| imperialism | a larger nation takes control of a smaller nation of region |
| totalitarian governments | often develop during periods of economic hardship and social instability |
| totalitarian governments | they emphasize the needs of the state over the rights of the individual, they strictly regulate free speech and the media, and the arts are used to support only the ideas of those in power |
| non-aligned nations | nations which refuse to join an alliance with a "superpower" make this choice in the hopes of getting aid and assistance from both the "superpowers" |
| non-aligned nations | many nations of Asia and Africa choose to remain this during the years of the cold war in the hopes of getting aid from both the US and the Soviet Union |
| subsistence agriculture | involves farmers producing crops for their own immediate use |
| developing nations | in recent years have faced problems of inadequate production and distribution of food |
| developing nations | as these nations move from agricultural to industrial economies they require more inestment capital and this often leads to the problem of increasing foreign debt |
| developing nations | they develope a greater need for education and training of their population |
| green revolution | the attempt by developing countries to use scientific research and modern technology to improve farming methods and varieties of seeds and increase agricultural prodictivity |
| standards of living | in many asian and latin american countries green revolution brought this |
| higher birth rates in developing countries | these are often the result of tranditional beliefs and the economic need to have larger families |
| in developing countries | increased use of family planning measures have produced lower birth rates |
| fascism | appeared in Europe between 1920 and 1945 in response to serious economic problems in Italy and Germany |
| independance mov'ts in Asia and Africa | occured after WWII and marked the decline of European global influence |
| international cooperation | necessary today in solving enviormental problems such as the 'greenhouse effect', depletion of the ozone layer, and the problem of world hunger |
| primary source | a first-hand account of a historical event |
| secondary source | a retelling of an event by an individual who was not present when the event took place |
