| A | B |
|---|
| apprentice | a young person who trains in a craft |
| chivalry | noble qualities of a knight |
| clergy | people who serve the Church |
| Crusades | military expeditions to win the Holy Land from the Turks |
| excommunicate | to prevent someone from participating in church life |
| feudalism | system in medieval Europe, based on loyalty |
| guild | an association of workers in the same craft |
| the Magna Carta | the agreement between the King of England and his nobles that limited his power |
| manor | a large estate owned by a lord |
| medieval | "referring to the Middle Ages" |
| Middle Ages | the period of time between 500 and 1500 A.D. |
| nation | a large community that shares a single government |
| Model Parliament | a council that advises the king or queen of England on governmental matters |
| self-sufficient | able to supply one's own needs |
| serf | someone who belongs to the land |
| troubadour | a traveling performer who sang about the deeds of knights |
| vassal | someone who swears loyalty to a lord |
| fief | a small share of land owned by a vassal in return for his loyalty |
| Charlemagne | King of the Franks |
| Pope Urban II | launched the First Crusade |
| Peter the Hermit | led a group of commoners on the First Crusade |
| Pope Gregory VII | excommunicated King Henry IV over the appointment of bishops |
| Henry IV | King who had to beg forgiveness from Pope Gregory VII |
| King John | King of England who signed the Magna Carta |
| Runnymede | area where the Magna Carta was signed |
| Joan of Arc | a girl who led the French to victory at the Battle of Orleans |
| Gaul | region that later became France |
| Orleans | battle that ended the Hundred Years' War |
| Hundred Years' War | fought between England and France |
| First Crusade | a successful attempt to take over the Holy Land and Jerusalem |
| Saladin | Sultan who defeated the Second Crusade to retake Jerusalem |
| Second Crusade | not successful, Saladin recaptured Jerusalem |
| a year and a day | length of time a serf had to escape capture by his lord |
| the Church | Roman Catholic |
| Byzantine | Christian empire in the East |
| Holy Roman Empire | became Germany, Austria, and Switzerland |
| Turks | Muslims who threatened to take over the Byzantine Empire |
| plague | killed one third of the population of Europe |
| 10, 000 | size of a large medieval city |
| increased trade | a result of the Crusades |
| weakening of feudalism | a result of the Crusades |
| a lord's main duty | protecting the land and people |
| lord's permission | needed for a peasant to marry or leave the land |
| loyalty based on | the person who had more land or wealth |
| Roman Catholic | major religion in medieval Western Europe |
| power of the Church | it made and enforced the laws |
| towns | had a greater variety of jobs |
| Holy Land | region sacred to Christians because Jesus lived ther |
| bishops | kings and popes fought over picking them |
| latitude | measures distance North or South of the Equator |
| longitude | measures distance East or West of the Prime Meridian |
| parallel | another name for lines of latitude |
| meridian | another name for lines of longitude |
| Prime Meridian | 0 degrees longitude |
| Equator | 0 degrees latitude |
| gargoyle | gutter spout on a Gothic cathedral |
| crux | Latin word for cross |
| pope | head of the Roman Catholic church |
| Byzantine | Christian empire in Greece and Asia Minor |
| Constantinople | capital of the Byzantine Empire |
