| A | B |
|---|
| Crusades | Christian military expeditions to reclaim control of Holy Lands from the Muslims |
| Renaissance | an era of creativity and learning in Western Europe from the 14th - 16th centuries |
| Leonardo da Vinci | engineer, artist, scientist, and inventor during the Renaissance |
| William Shakespeare | English writer of plays (and poetry) that are still performed today (Ex. Romeo and Juliet) |
| Reformation | 16th centruy movement to change practices of the Roman Catholic Church |
| Martin Luther | Criticized the wealth and corruption of Roman Catholic Church officials and the selling of indulgences |
| Protestant | A follower of Martin Luther who protested against the Roman Catholic Church |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Sent explorers down the coast of Africa to find a shortcut to Asia and founded a navigation school in Portugar |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese explorer who ship sailed around the world |
| circumnavigate | to sail completely around (the world) |
| imperialism | one country controls the government and economy of another country or territory |
| Industrial Revolution | 18th century period of change during which goods began to be manufactured by power driven machines |
| Scientific Revolution | a period of creat scientific change and discovery during the 16th -17th centuries |
| capitalism | system in which factories and businesses are privately owned and the owners make the decisions about what goods to produce |
| French Revolution | a struggle that led to France's becoming a republic |
| Reign of Terror | Time when France's new leaders executed thousands of its citizens |
| czar | an emperor in Russia |
| Peter the Great | czar who hoped to use the ideas of the Scientific Revolution to modernize and strengthen Russia |
| Catherine the Great | czar who added new lands, started new schools, built new towns, expanded trade, and encouraged art, science, and literature |
