| A | B |
|---|
| Anesthetic | drug that prevents pain during surgery. |
| Enclosure | in England in the 1700s, the process of taking over and fencing off public lands. |
| James Watt | invented a more efficient steam engine that became the key power source of the Industrial Revolution. |
| Smelt | melt in order to separate pure metal away from its waste matter. |
| Capital | money or wealth. |
| Enterprise | business organization in such areas as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories. |
| Entrepreneur | person who assumes financial risks in the hope of making a profit. |
| Putting-Out System | system in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry. |
| Eli Whitney | American inventor who invented the cotton gin and devised the system of manufacturing interchangeable parts. |
| Turnpike | privately built road that charges a fee to travelers who use it. |
| Liverpool | city in northern England; became a terminus for the world's first major rail line in 1830. |
| Manchester | city in northern England; became a terminus for the world's first major rail line in 1830. |
| Urbanization | movement of people from rural areas to cities. |
| Tenement | multistory building divided into crowded apartments. |
| Labor Union | workers' organization. |
| Thomas Malthus | writings on population shaped economic thinking for generations; predicted that population would outpace the food supply. |
| Jeremy Bentham | preached utilitarianism,; ideal goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens. |
| Utilitarianism | idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. |
| Socialism | system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all business. |
| Means of Production | farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods. |
| Robert Owen | set up a Utopian society to put Thomas More's ideas into practice; established in New Lanark, Scotland. |
| Karl Marx | German philosopher; believed that the proletariat would take over the bourgeoisie and establish a classless, communist society. |
| Communism | form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; according to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole. |
| Proletariat | working class. |
| Social Democracy | political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism. |
