| A | B |
|---|
| muscle | Made of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) microfilaments that enable cells to contract |
| skeletal | A type of muscle tissue that is voluntary with strata |
| smooth | A type of muscle tissue that is involuntary and lines blood vessels and the digestive tract |
| cardiac | A type of muscle tissue that is involuntary and makes up the heart muscle |
| sarcolemma | Modified plasma membrane that surrounds each muscle fiber and propogates an action potential much like an axon does |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | Modified endoplasmic reticulum that contains sacs of Ca2+ ions, which are necessary for normal muscle contraction |
| sarcomere | The basic functional unit of the muscle cell |
| twitch | A small, local contraction in a muscle caused by a single action potential |
| tetanus | A smooth, sustained muscle contraction resulting from many twitches with no rest |
| summation effect | Occurs when one twitch occurs before a previous twitch has had time to relax |
| fatigue | When the muscle is stimulated without rest |
| resting potential | Na+ and K+ ions are maintained on opposite sides of the plasma membrane and the neuron is at rest |
| action potential | An impulse that travels in only one direction and is an all-or-none event |
| refractory peroid | The peroid of repolarization during which the sodium-potassium pump restores the membrane of the axon to its resting potential |
| membrane potential | An electrical charge difference across the membrane of every living cell |
| synapse | Junction between a terminal branch of a neuron and another neuron or effector cell |
| neurotransmitter | released from presynaptic vesicles in the terminal branch of an axon. Ex: serotonin and epinephrine |
| central nervous system | Contains the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | All nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
| medulla | Controls autonomic, homeostatic functions: breathing and heart rate, swallowing, blood pressure, and vomiting |
| cerebrum | Controls thought, speech, learning, memory and language |
| cerebellum | Coordinates muscle coordination and balance |
| somatic system | Controls voluntary muscles |
| autonomic system | Controls involuntary muscles such as cardiac muscles, muscles of the digestive tract, and smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels; divided into sympathetic system and parasympathetic system |
| sympathetic system | Fight or flight response; works opposite parasympathetic system and increases heart and breathing rate |
| parasympathetic system | Works opposite sympathetic system; calms body and decreases heart/breathing rate |
| dendrites | Receive stimuli from other neurons |
| axon | Transmits impulses from cell body outward to another cell |
| cell body | Integrates signals from dendrites |
| nodes of Ranvier | Impulses jump from node to node |
| myelin sheath | Insulates and protects axon and speeds up the impulse |
| reflex arc | Simplest nerve response that is inborn, automatic, and protective |
