| A | B |
|---|
| glass ceiling | perception that career advancement for women is not equal to men |
| pink collar ghetto | low prestige, low paying jobs |
| NAACP | founded by W.E.B. DuBois and challenged segregation in the courts |
| literacy tests | tests used to keep blacks from voting |
| massive resistance | in reaction to Brown v. Board, Virginia chose to close their public schools |
| glasnost | Russian term meaning 'openness' used by Gorbachev |
| perestroika | Russian term meaning 'economic reconstructuring' used by Gorbachev |
| Pentagon | during the Cold War, this was built in Virginia along with ship yards |
| McCarthyism | making false accusations based on rumor or guilt by association |
| Bay of Pigs | Many Cubans fled to Florida and later wanted to invade Cuba to overthrow Castro |
| Vietnamization | withdrawing American troops and replacing them with South Vietnamese forces while maintaining military aid to the South Vietnamese |
| massive retaliation | under Eisenhower, this was a policy to deter any nuclear strikes by the Soviets |
| Warsaw Pact | soviet allies in eastern European formed in response to NATO |
| NATO | defensive alliance among the United States and western European countries to prevent soviet invasion |
| Truman Doctrine | keep communism from spreading |
| Cold War | an unofficial war between the U.S. and the USSR |
| Marshall Plan | provided massive financial assistance to rebuild European countries |
| internment camps | Japanese Americans were pulled from their homes and placed in camps |
| draf/selective service | used to provide personnel for the military |
| Nuremberg trials | Nazi leaders and others were convicted of war crimes |
| Final Solution | Germany's decision to exterminate all Jews |
| Genocide | the systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group |
| Bataan Death March | American POWs suffered brutal treatment by Japanese after surrender of the Philippines |
| Geneva Convention | attempted to ensure the human treatment of prisoners of war by establishing rules to be followed by all nations |
| Nisei regiments | Asian American earned a high number of decorations |
| Hiroshima and Nagasaki | atomic bombs were dropped on these cities |
| Iwo Jima and Okinawa | the invasions of these islands cost many American lives |
| Midway | defeated the Japanese army as they prepared to seize the island |
| Normandy | D-Day-American and Allied troops under Eisenhower on June 6, 1944 |
| Stalingrad | Germans suffered heavy causualties during this standoff |
| El Alamein | allied victory in North Africa |
| island hopping | strategy used by the allies to seize islands closer and closer to Japan |
| Pearl Harbor | Japanese attacked this island on December 7, 1941 |
| Lend-Lease Act | gave the authority to the president to sell or lend equipment to countries to defend themselves |
| isolationist | the U.S. did not want to get involved with WWI or WWII in the beginning |
| reform measures | corrected unsound banking and investment practices (FDIC) |
| recovery programs | designed to bring the nation out of the depression over time (AAA) |
| relief measures | provided direct payment to people for immediate help (WPA) |
| Hawley-Smoot Act | high protective tariffs that produced retaliatory tariffs in other countries, strangling world trade |
| Treaty of Versailles | the treaty used to end WWI |
| Mandate System | league of nation's control of former colonies |
| League of Nations | one of Woodrow Wilson's 14 points to provoke global peace |
| submarine warfare | Germany used this to keep the allies from getting supplies |
| Open Door Policy | policy that would give all nations equal trading rights in China |
| Dollar Diplomacy | urged American banks and businesses to invest in Latin america |
| Clayton Anti-Trust Act | expands the Sherman Anti-Trust Act; outlaws price-fixing, exempts unions from Sherman Act |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | prevents any business structure that restrains trade (monopolies) |
| Haymarket Square | protested police brutality but ended in the public beginning to turn against the labor movment |
| Homestead Strike | the strike led to people distrusting the labor unions |
| Pullman Strike | strike in 1894 when the company failed to restore wages or decrease rents |
| Muckraking | investigative journalism |
| 17th Amendment | direct election of U.S. Senators |
| Primary elections | elections that are used to decide on which candidate will represent a particular party |
| recall | a procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people |
| initiative | a procedure by which a legislative measure can be originated by the people rather than by lawmakers |
| referendum | a procedure by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people |
| council manager | head of the city in some cities |
| company towns | towns designed around a company where the financial institutions, schools, stores and churches are controlled by the company |
| Square Deal | T. Roosevelt's program for helping middle class citizens |
| New Freedom | Wilson's plan for antitrust modification and tariff revision |
| Great Migration | when blacks left the south and migrated up north in the early 20th Century |
| separate but equal | established by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
| lynchings | strategy used to intimidate blacks in the Jim Crow Era |
| laissez-faire capitalism | the government has a "hands off" approach when it comes to capitalism |
| Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists and government officials |
| Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 | restricted the amount of immigrants who were able to enter the country |
| melting pot | immigrants beginning the process of assimilation |
| Statue of Liberty | the site immigrants first saw when entering America (New York) |
| Ellis Island | the site where immigrants entered the country (New York) |
| Transcontinental Railroad | what helped westward expansion go at a faster rate and the Chinese helped build it |
| mechanical reaper | an invention used to make farming easier |
| cattle drives | American cowboys pushed cattle for hundreds of miles over unfenced open land in the West, the only way to get cattle to the market |
| Homestead Act of 1862 | gave free public land in the western territories to settlers who would live on and farm the land |
| Compromise of 1877 | enabled former Confederate who controlled the Democratic Party to regain power |
| 15th Amendment | granted voting rights to black males |
| 14th Amendment | granted citizenship to former slaves |
| 13th Amendment | abolished slavery |
| 19th Amendment | granted women the right to vote |
| Radical Republicans | aggressively guaranteed voting and other civil rights to African Americans |
| Reconstruction | restoring legitimate state governments that were loyal to the Union in the southern states |
| Appomattox | site of Lee's surrender to Lee |
| Gettysburg | turning point of Civil War |
| Emancipation Proclamation | issued after the Battle of Antietam |
| Ft. Sumter | opening confrontation of the Civil War |
| Seneca Falls Convention | a convention that began the women's rights and suffrage movement |
| secede | leave freely |
| popular sovereignty | the people rule |
| Fugitive Slave Act | the allowance of slave holders to go and retrieve their slaves |
| Kansas Nebraska Act | repealed the Missouri Compromise line by giving people in Kansas and Nebraska the choice wehter to allow slavery in their states |
| Compromise of 1850 | entered as a free state, while the new Southwestern territories acquired from Mexico would decide on their own |
| Missouri Compromise | was created to create a balance between slave and free states |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | written by Harriet Beecher Stowe on the atrocities of slavery |
| The Liberator | a paper created by William Lloyd Garrison, an abolitionist |
| Panic of 1837 | economic situation that resulted from reckless speculation that led to bank failures and dissatisfaction with use of state banks as depositories |
| Spoils system | a practice of using public offices to benefit members of the victorious party |
| presidential veto | power granted to president to prevent passage of legislation |
| aristocracy | government in which power is given to those believed to be best qualified |
| Manifest Destiny | the belief that America was to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific |
| Trail of Tears | when several tribes were relocate from Atlantic Coast states to Oklahama |
| cotton gin | created by Eli Whitney and made more work for southern slaves |
| War of 1812 | a war cased by impressment of sailors and the warhawks |
| Monroe Doctrine | American continents should be considered for future colonization by any European powers |
| Lousiana Purchase | after an agreement with French, Jefferson purchased this territory doubling the size of the U.S. |
| judicial review | power of the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional |
| Democratic Republicans | proponents of a weak national government and strong state governments |
| Federalists | proponents of a strong central or national government |
| checks and balances | a system designed to keep one branch of government from being more powerful than the others |
| Bill of Rights | the first 10 amendments of the constitution |
| three branches of government | legislative, judicial and executive |
| 3/5 Compromise | in the battle of representation, this compromise helped answer the question of what to do about the slaves |
| Articles of Confederation | first governing document of the new United States |
| Battle of Yorktown | the ending battle of the Revolutionary war |
| Battle of Saratoga | the turning point of the Revolutionary war |
| Lexington and Concord | first battle of the Revolutionary war |
| Boston Massacre | took place when British troops fired on anti-British demonstrators |
| First Continental Congress | was formed after the closing of Boston Harbor |
| Boston Tea Party | the colonists pretended to be native americans throwing tea into Boston Harbor |
| Stamp Act | new taxes on legal documents |
| Proclamation of 1763 | prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian mountains, a region that was costly for the British to protect |
| Common Sense | a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine |
| social contract | power of the people to give the government the right to protect them |
| natural rights | rights that people are born with such as life, liberty and property |
| enlightenment | movement in Europe during the 17th century to develop ideas about the rights of people |
| middle passage | the trip of African slaves to the American colonies |
| indentured servants | poor persons from Europe who worked on plantations in exchange for free passage to the new world |
| Great Awakening | religious movement that swept both Europe and colonies |
| cash crops | crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo exported to Europe |
| General Assembly of Virginia | first established assembly in the new world |
| Virginia Company | set up by England for business ventures to the new world |
| Jamestown | first permanent colony in the New world |
| town meetings | an example of how a direct democracy |
| direct democracy | a government in which everyone votes |
| Mayflower Compact | a document that the Puritans created promising that they would create a government in the new world |
| convenant community | New Englanders formed this type of community from the Mayflower Compact |
