| A | B |
|---|
| nitrogenous wastes | waste products containing nitrogen |
| ammonia | A small and very toxic nitrogenous waste produced by metabolism. |
| uric acid | An insoluble precipitate of nitrogenous waste excreted by land snails, insects, birds, and some reptiles. |
| urea | A soluble form of nitrogenous waste excreted by mammals and most adult amphibians. |
| nephron | The tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney. |
| Malpighian tubules | A unique excretory organ of insects that empties into the digestive tract, removes nitrogenous wastes from the blood, and functions in osmoregulation |
| kidneys | a major organ that regulates excretion |
| nephrida | a type of excretory organ among invertebrates |
| bowman's capsule | one of the several regions of a nephron |
| proximal convoluted tubule | In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron immediately downstream from Bowman's capsule that conveys and helps refine filtrate. |
| loop of henle | The long hairpin turn, with a descending and ascending limb, of the renal tubule in the vertebrate kidney; functions in water and salt reabsorption. |
| distal convoluted | In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron that helps refine filtrate and empties it into a collecting duct. |
| collecting duct | The location in the kidney where filtrate from renal tubules is collected; the filtrate is now called urine. |
| renal arteries | The blood vessel bringing blood to the kidney. |
| glomerulus | A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney |
| filtrate | Fluid extracted by the excretory system from the blood or body cavity. The excretory system produces urine from the filtrate after extracting valuable solutes from it and concentrating it. |
| urine | the liquid-to-semisolid waste matter excreted by the kidneys, in humans being a yellowish, slightly acid, watery fluid |
| ureters | A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| bladder | a membranous sac or organ serving as a receptacle for a fluid or air |
| urethra | A tube that releases urine from the body near the vagina in females or through the penis in males; also serves in males as the exit tube for the reproductive system. |
| filtration | In the vertebrate kidney, the extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes, from the blood by the nephrons. |
| reabsorption | the process of materials being reabsorbed from liquid waste |
| secretion | (1) The discharge of molecules synthesized by a cell. (2) In the vertebrate kidney, the discharge of wastes from the blood into the filtrate from the nephron tubules. |
| peritubular capillaries | The network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney. |
| vasopressin | hormones regulate the concentration of water and salt in the kidneys |
| aldosterone | An adrenal hormone that acts on the distal tubules of the kidney to stimulate the reabsorption of sodium (Na+) and the passive flow of water from the filtrate. |
| skin | an excretory organ that gets rid of excess water and salts from the body |
| epidermis | 1) The dermal tissue system in plants. (2) The outer covering of animals. |
| dermis | the second layer of skin covering animals |
| subcutaneous tissue | the third layer of skin covering animals |
| stratum corneum | the layer of dead cells covering the epidermis |
