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| science | A process that contributes to an ever-changing body of knowledge that has developed over time and involves many modifications of thought. |
| paradigm | A collection of thoughts, values, routines, and procedures that becomes generally accepted in an area of study. |
| principle | A rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system. |
| theory | A broad explanation supported by substantial evidence that ties together a range of observations. |
| law | An accepted principle used to explain an action or set of events which can usually be represented by a mathematical equation. |
| paradigm shift | Rare, radical changes in thought or scientific views. |
| hypothesis | A possible explanation or tentative answer to a question that leads to an experiment. |
| zoology | The study of the structure and function of animals. |
| ecology | The study of the relationship between organisms and their environment. |
| taxonomy | The study of the classification of organisms. |
| prokaryototes | Unicellular organisms with no true necleus. |
| eukaryotes | Cells with a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles. |
| virus | An infectious particles made up of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat that cannot reproduce outside a living host cell. |
| prion | An infectious protein that causes the build up of plaque in the brain resulting in diseases like "mad cow" and CJD. |
| nucleus | A large double membrane bound organelle that contains the genetic material of the cell. |
| independent variable | The factor in an experiment that the experimenter manipulates. |
| dependent variable | The factor in an experiment that you measure. |
| control | The group in an experiment treated the same as the experimental group except that the experimental variable is omitted. |
| autotroph | An organism that builds organic molecules from inorganic reactants. |
| heterotroph | An organism that acquires organic molecules by consuming others. |
| homeostatsis | The ability to maintain a fairly constant internal environment. |
| cell membrane | The boundry that separates the cell from its surroundings and controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell. |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled. |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down. |
| golgi apparatus | An endomembrane system which process and packages substances for export from the cell. |
| lysosomes | Membrane bound sacs containing digestive enzymes that breakdown food molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances that have entered the cell. |
| vacuoles | Memberane bound sacs that store enzymes, wastes products, and water. |
| mitochondria | Double membrane bound organelles where ATP is generated in the Kreb's cycle and the electron transport system. |
| ribosomes | The site of protein systhesis in a cell. |
| chloroplast | A double membrane bound organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs. |
| cilia | Short hair-like cell extensions used in locomotion or to move stubstance across the surface of cells. |
| flagella | Long whip-like cell extensions that move cells through their environment. |
| cell wall | A rigid structure out side the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and bacterial cells that provides support and protection. |
| active transport | The movement of substances across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient using both a protein carrier and ATP. |
| passive transport | The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy. |
| diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| osmosis | The diffusion of water. |
| facilitated diffusion | A process by which substances are moved across a cell membrane down their concentration gradient using a protein carrier. |
| endocytosis | The bulk movement of substnces into a cell using vessicles. |
| exocytosis | The bulk movement of substances out of a cell using vessicles. |
| atom | the basic building block of all matter. |
| proton | The positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom. |
| neutron | The particle in the nucleus of an atom with no charge. |
| electron | The negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom. |
| carbohydrates | The category of biological molecules made up of monosaccharides. |
| lipids | The most diverse category of biological molecules all of which are at least partially hydrophobic. |
| nucleic acids | The category of biological molecules made up of nucleotides that includes both DNA and RNA. |
| protein | The category of biological molecules made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. |
| photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy in to chemical energy stored in organic molecules. |
| cellular respiration | The process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic molecules. |
| fermentation | A process in which cells make a limited amount of ATP by converting glucose into other organic molecules in the absence of oxygen. |
| enzyme | A biological molecule that increases the rate |
| Watson, Crick, Franklin & Wilkins | The individuals responsible for the discovery of the three dimensional structure of DNA. |
| double helix | The twisted ladder structure of a DNA molecule. |
| nucleotide | The unit molecule for all nucleic acids made up of a phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base. |
| Chargaff | The individual responsible for discovering the base pairing rules for DNA. |
| guanine | The base that make three hydrogen bonds with cytosine. |
| adenine | The nitrogenous base that makes two hydrogen bonds with thymine. |
| thymine | The nitrogenous base that makes two hydrogen bonds with adenine. |
| cytosine | The nitrogenous base that makes three hydrogen bonds with guanine. |
| RNA | A nucleic acid composed of a single strand that contains ribose and uracil. |
| rRNA | The nucleic acid found in ribosomes. |
| mRNA | The nucleic acid that carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes. |
| tRNA | The nucleic acid that carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome. |
| transcription | The process of making RNA from DNA. |
| translation | The process of making protein from mRNA. |
| cell cycle | The events of cell division including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. |
| Go | A phase in the cell cycle during which DNA replication does not occur and the cell does not divide. |
| G1 | The first period of interphase in which the cell volume increases. |
| G2 | The final period of interphase during which the cell prepares for mitosis. |
| S | The phase of interphase during which DNA replication occurrs. |
| cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm. |
| mitosis | Cell replication producing cells identical to the parent cell. |
| meiosis | Cell division producing cells with a different kind and number of chromosomes. |
| heredity | The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring. |
| gene | A sequence of DNA that codes for a single polypeptide. |
| alleles | The alternate forms of a gene. |
| genotype | The combination of alleles present in an organism. |
| phenotype | The outward appearance of an organism. |
| homozygous | both alleles present are the same. |
| heterozygous | The two alleles present for a given trait are different. |
| sex linked | An inheritance pattern in which traits are controlled by genes located on the X chromosome. |
| Gregor Mendel | The father of modern genetics. |
| Punnett square | a representation used to predict the allele combinations formed by a cross of gametes from two parents. |
| mutation | Any heritable change in the DNA of an organism. |
| nondisjunction | The process resulting in the |
| Law of independent assortment | Alleles for different traits are inherited independently of each other. |
| Law of segregation | Allele pairs separate so that each gamete receives only one. |
| monosomy | When one of a pair of chromosomes is missing in a diploid organism. |
| trisomy | When there is an extra chromosome of any pair in a diploid organism. |
| autosome | Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. |
| hemophelia | A blood clotting disorder resulting from the inheritance of a sex linked recessive trait. |
| Down syndrome | A disorder caused by trisomy 21. |
| colorblind | A disorder of vision caused by a sex linked recessive trait. |
| spontaneous generation | A once held belief that living organisms could spring from dead or decaying matter. |
| evolution | Descent with modification. |
| Miller-Urey experiment | A famous laboratory experiement that modeled the Earth's early atmosphere and created organic molecules. |
| natural selection | The process by which organisms with favorable variations reproduce at higher rates than those without the variations. |
| macroevolution | Large scale modifications that occur over long time periods and produce new species. |
| microevolution | Small scale modifications that occur over short periods and result in a change in gene frequency withing a population. |
| divergent evolution | A patter of modification when two related species become less alike over time. |
| convergent evolution | a pattern of modification when two unrelated species independently develop a characteristic that appears to be the same. |
| Linnaeus | The individual who developed binomial nomenclature. |
| Charles Darwin | The individual responsible for discovering that natural selection is the mechanism for evolution. |
| species | Individuals similar enough to interbreed successfully. |
