| A | B |
|---|
| Concepts | Categories of objects, events, or ideas that have common properties. |
| Formal concepts | Concepts that can be clearly defined by a set of rules or properties |
| Natural concepts | Concepts that have no fixed set of defining features but instead share a set of characteristic features |
| Prototype | A member a of a natural concept that possesses all or most of its characteristic features (e.g., space shuttle and a hot-air balloon as “aircraft”) |
| Scripts | Mental representations of familiar sequences of activities |
| Algorithms | Systematic procedures that cannot fail to produce a correct solution to a problem, if a solution exists |
| Confirmation bias | The tendency to pay more attention to evidence in support of one’s beliefs than to evidence that refutes them |
| Heuristics | Time-saving mental shortcuts in reasoning |
| Representative heuristic | A mental shortcut that involves judging whether something belongs in a given class on the basis of its similarity to other members of that class |
| Availability heuristic | A mental shortcut through which judgments are based on information that is easily brought to mind |
| Mental set | The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist, even when they might not always be the most efficient alternative |
| Functional fixedness | A tendency to think about familiar objects in familiar ways that may prevent using them in other ways |
| Syntax | The set of rules that govern the formation of phrases and sentences in a language |
| Semantics | Rules governing the meaning of words and sentences |
| Framing | the way an issue or problem is posed or understood |
| Stanford-Binet | A test for determining a person’s intelligence quotient, or IQ with attention paid to both the mental and chronological age |
| Intelligence Quotient | An index of intelligence that reflects the degree to which a person’s score on an intelligence test deviates from the average score of others in the same group |
| Aptitude Test | Test designed to measure a person’s capacity to learn certain things or perform certain tasks |
| Achievement Test | Measure of what a person has accomplished or learned in a particular area |
| Standardized Test | A systematic procedure for observing behavior in a standard situation and describing it with the help of a numerical scale or category system |
| Reliability | The degree to which a test can be repeated with the same results |
| Validity | The degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure and leads to correct inferences about people |
| Triarchic theory of intelligence | Robert Sternberg’s theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative, and practical dimensions |
| Multiple Intelligences | Eight semi-independent kinds of intelligence postulated by Howard Gardner |
| Linguistic relativity hypothesis | Theorizes that the the language we use might control, and in some ways limit, our thinking |
