| A | B |
|---|
| fats | greatest amount of energy per gram |
| saturated fats | from animals, bad for health, all single bonds |
| unsaturated fats | come from plants, better for health, double bonds |
| limiting reactant | used up first in a reaction and determines the amount of product |
| proteins | builders in body, made of amino acids, burned last by body (enzymes are an example) |
| amino acids | have amine and carboxylic acid groups |
| water-soluble vitamins | organic compounds that dissolves in water (needed daily), B C |
| fat-soluble vitamins | organic compunds stored in fat (not needed daily), A D E K |
| radioactivity | spontaneous decay of unstable nuclei (emitting particles and ionizing radiation) |
| alpha particle | positively charged He nucleus (has mass) |
| beta particle | negatively fast moving electron (has mass) |
| gamma rays | high energy nuetral radiation (has no mass) |
| electron | -1, found in cloud around nucleus, very small mass |
| proton | +1, found in nucleus, 1 g/mol |
| neutron | nuetral, found in nucleus, 1 g/mol |
| isotopes | atoms of same element but have different number of neutrons (same protons - atomic #) |
| mass number | number protons + neutrons, top # on symbol |
| atomic number | off periodic table, = # of protons, = # of electrons in nuetral atom, # on bottom of symbol |
| ion | + or -, only changes # of electrons (- add e-, + subtract e-) protons stay the same |
| # neutrons | = mass number - # protons |
| background radiation | natural radiation around us, most from radon gas |
| transmutation | one element is converted into another element through a nuclear reaction |
| fission | nuclear rxn, splitting of atoms, nuclear power plants |
| fusion | nuclear rxn, small atoms fuse to make larger atoms, more energy than fission |
| ionizing radiation | high energy, ejects electron creating an ion - dangerous like gamma rays and x-rays |
| nonionizing radiation | lower energy with vibrating electrons - no damage like radiowaves and microwaves |
| average atomic mass | isotopes exist as mixtures, must use relative abundances to calculate this |
| vitrification | nuclear waste disposal where the waste is converted to glass |
| Kelvin | -273 C, C + 273 = K |
| reflectivity | ability to absorb or bounce back solar radiation |
| heat capacity | higher heat capacity = more thermal energy that can be stored (small increases in temp) |
| ozone | O3, blocks UV light, Cl breaks it down |
| synergistic interactions | combination of two chemicals gives a larger effect than individually |
| catalyst | speeds up rxn without being used, lowers activation energy, catalytic converters in cars |
| activation energy | energy needed to reach before a reaction will happen |
| Bases | contains more OH- ions than H+ (NaOH) turn litmus blue |
| greenhouse gases | CH4, CO2, H20 |
| Acids | contain more H+ ions than OH- (H2SO4) turn litmus red, react with metals |
| chain reaction | during the fission process a nuetron sustains this |
| electromagnetic radiation | energy - has no mass |
| carcinogen | causes cancer |
| macrominerals | inorganic compounds that body needs larger doses of (calcium) |
| microminerals (trace minerals) | inorganic compounds that body needs small doses of (iodine) |
| glucose | C6H12O6, contains an aldehyde and an alcohol group |
| essential amino acids | 8 amino acids that the body cannot produce |
| Charles | Volume/Temp |
| Avagadro | Gases at STP have same number of moles (molecules) 22.4L/mol |
| Boyle | Pressure x Volume |
| STP | Standard Temperature (0 C) and Pressure (1 atm, 101.3 kPa, 760 mmHg) |
| acid rain | caused by NO2, SO3, SO2 and has pH lower than 5.6 |
| theoretical yield | maximum amount of products based on limiting reactant |
| excess reactant | reactant that is left over (not used up in reaction) |
| titration | technique used to determine amount of a substance present |
| endpoint | change in color during a titration (limiting reactant is gone) |
| complete protein | contains all eight essential amino acids |
| primary air pollutants | pollutants that enter the atmosphere in their chemical form |
| irradiation | exposing a sample to radiation (energy) |
| nonionizing radiation | lower energy with vibrating electrons - no damage like radiowaves and microwaves |
| rem | Roentgen equivalent man 1rem = 1000 mrems |
| mutation | change in DNA due to radiation, cancer |
