| A | B |
|---|
| Personality | The pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with others |
| Psychodynamic Approach | Freud’s view that personality is based on the interplay of unconscious mental processes |
| Id | The unconscious portion of personality containing basic impulses and urges |
| Ego | The part of the personality that mediates conflicts between and among the demands of the id, the superego, and the real world |
| Super Ego | The component of personality that tells people what they should and should not do |
| Defense Mechanisms | Psychological responses that help protect a person from anxiety and guilt |
| Oral Stage | The first psychosexual stage, in which the mouth is the center of pleasure and conflict |
| Anal Stage | The second psychosexual stage, usually occurring during the second year of life, in which the focus of pleasure and conflict shifts from the mouth to the anus |
| Phallic Stage | \the third psychosexual stage, in which the focus of pleasure and conflict shifts to the genital area |
| Latency Period | The fourth psychosexual stage, in which sexual impulses lie dormant |
| Genital Stage | The last psychosexual stage, which begins during adolescence, when sexual impulses appear at the conscious level |
| Trait Approach | A perspective in which personality is seen as a combination of characteristics that people display over time and across situations |
| Big-Five Model | Five trait dimensions found in many factor-analytic studies of personality: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experienced, agreeableness, and conscientiousness |
| Social Cognitive Approach | An approach in which personality is seen as the patterns of thinking and behavior that a person learns |
| Perceived Self-Efficacy | According to Bandura, learned expectations about the probability of success in given situations |
| Humanistic Approach | A view in which personality develops through an actualizing tendency that unfolds in accordance with each person’s unique perceptions of the world |
| Self-Concept | The way one thinks of oneself |
| Condition of Worth | According to Rogers, the feelings an individual experiences when the person, instead of the person’s behavior, is evaluated |
| Deficiency Orientation | A preoccupation with perceived needs for things a person does not have |
| Growth Orientation | Drawing satisfaction from what is available in life, rather than focusing on what is missing |
| Objective Personality Tests | Personality tests containing direct, unambiguous items relating to the individual being assessed |
| Projective Personality Tests | Personality tests made up of unstructured stimuli that can be perceived and responded to in many ways |
| Extraversion | he act, state, or habit of being predominantly concerned with and obtaining gratification from what is outside the self |
| Introversion | the state of or tendency toward being wholly or predominantly concerned with and interested in one's own mental life |
| Freudian Slip | A verbal mistake that is thought to reveal an unconscious belief, thought, or emotion. |
| Locus of Control | A psychological construct that refers to whether individuals believe that their behaviour or, more correctly, the reinforcements from behaviour, is under their own control (internal) or not (external) |
