| A | B |
|---|
| Humanism | any system of thought or action concerned with human interest and value. |
| Michelangelo | skilled sculptor, painter, and architect. Painted Sistene Chapel, born in 1475. Examples of works are: Pieta and Last Judgement. |
| Da Vinci | painted "Mona Lisa", "Last Supper", and "Virgin of the Rocks", left fewer than 20 paintings, born in 1452. |
| Raphael | painted several frescoes and chief architect. Painted Religious subjects, born in 1483. Noted for Sweet-Tranquil Madonnas. |
| Donatello | sculptor, first to show knowledge of anatomy, not painter. Italian and sculpted "David" |
| Gutenburg | printed Gutenburg bible, first European to use print. |
| Machiavelli | wrote "The Prince" |
| Shakespeare | wrote "Romeo and Juliet" and "The Tempest" |
| Condottieri | Italian soldiers. |
| Romanesque | the style which involved barrel-shaped domes. |
| Gothic | the style which involved many Gargoyles, stain-glassed windows, pointed-arches, and little light. |
| Northern Renaissance | new movement in Europe that spread renaissance northward. |
| Petrarch | Italian writer who started humanism movement. |
| -Importance of life - importance of individual -there was a concern for people -interested in classics. | 4 characteristics of humanism. |
| Thomas More | wrote "Utopia" |
| Theses | statements |
| Usury | the practice of making a profit by lending money |
| Tithe | one-tenth of the annual produce of land and labor, given to the church. |
| Theology | the study of religion and god. |
| Salvation | eternal bliss (life) |
| indulgences | pieces of paper which let the individual receive pardon, remission for punishment from sin. |
| Simony | the buying/selling of positions in Church. |
| Annulment | canceling of marriage, asking priest to make your marriage invalid. |
| Martyr | person who suffers or is put to death for a belief. |
| Heretic | person who not follow church beliefs. |
| Reformation | the time period in which the church was reformed. |
| Luther | started the Protestant reformation. |
| Hus | criticized the wealth and worldliness of church, condemned as heretic and burned at the stake. |
| Knox | established Presbyterian church. |
| Calvin | believed in pre-destination, started Calvinism sect. |
| Loyola | founded Jesuit order, a Spaniard and leader of counter-reformation. |
| Henry VIII | issued Act of Supremacy, had 6 wives, reigned 1509-1547 |
| Philip the II | Spanish King, sent out Spanish Armada. Married Mary I "Bloody Mary" |
| Elizabeth I | virgin queen, set up anglican church, started "golden age of literature", protestant, and encouraged much exploration. |
| Bloody Mary | Nickname for Mary I |
| Mary Queen of Scots | Elizabeth’s cousin, beheaded for planning assassination of Elizabeth I. Tried to kill husband. |
| Act of Supremacy | law that made Henry the head of the church in England. Abolished monasteries. |
| Huguenots | Calvinists in France. |
| 95 Theses | document, written in Latin that was posted on the church wall by Martin Luther. |
| Edward VI | Henry’s only son, weak, died of turbeocolisis. |
| Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boyeln , Jane Seymour, , Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr. | Henry's 6 wives (in order) |
| Tudors | dynasty, started by Henry VII, ruled from 1485-1603. |
| Stuarts | dynasty, started by James I, ruled 1603-1714. |
| Columbus | He discovered the new world on 1492. |
| Magellan | discovered Straight of Magellan, sailed around the world. |
| Da Gama | sailed to "The Cope of Good Hope", found an "all-water-route" to India. |
| Dias | First sailor who reached the "The Cope of Good Hope". The sailor didn’t have enough rations and men to continue so he sailed back. |
| Vespucci | Italian navigator from Florence. Accidently named the continent in the New world, America. |
| De Soto | discovered Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi River. |
| Ponce de Leon | discovered Florida while looking for the "Fountain of Youth" |
| Balboa | discovered Pacific Ocean. |
| Cabral | discovered Brazil for Portugal. |
| Absolutism | a system of personal and unchecked rule. |
| Peter I | Family was butchered, killed his son, and son of Alexis. -improved Russia. |
| Catherine II | wife of Peter III, changed name, german princess, killed husband. "Was one of the 2 leaders who read the Enlightenment in the Chapter" |
| Louis XIV | ruled 1661-1715. Perfect example of Absolute Leader. Greatly helped France and also greatly hurt France by building the palace at Versailles. |
| Richelieu | regent to Louis XIII when he was not old enough to rule. This regent continued to rule for Louis XIII even after he acquired the required age. |
| Mary I | first daughter of Henry VIII, roman catholic, burned many protestants at the stake, married Philip II. |
| Frederick II | son of Frederick William I, improved Prussia. |
| Philip II | dispatched the Spanish Armada to England. |
| Maria Theresa | First women to rule over Hapsurg land, started Austrian Succession. |
| Galileo | Founder "Father" of experimental Science, Italian merchant and astronomer. Made "Law of Intertia" |
| Copernicus | stated "Heliocentric Theory", wrote "Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies" |
| Kepler | German Mathematician and astronomer, made 3 laws of planetary motion. |
| Newton | English Mathmatician, invented Calculus and discovered gravity. Wrote "Principia" |
| Ptolemy | german astronomer, stated "Geocentric Theory" |
| Heliocentric | sun-centered universe |
| Geocentric | earth-centered universe |
| Locke | English Philosopher, thought humans were naturally responsible and moral. Stated "Right of Revolution" Wanted Democracy or Republic. |
| Hobbes | English Philosopher, thought humans were naturally violent and disorderly. Wanted Absolute Monarchy. |
| Voltaire | French writer, praised ideas of John Locke. Witty and funny, criticized organized religion. Wrote "Candide" on how people really are. |
| Rousseau | criticized reliance on reason. Wanted people to return to nature Wrote Social Contract -man is born free. Yet everywhere he is in chains. |
| Social Contract | stated that man is born free yet everywhere he is in chains. |
| Montesquieu | French Judge, one of the founders of Political Science. Wrote "Spirit of Laws-1748) |
| Enlightenment | Philosophical doctrines that had new ideas about political liberty and religious toleration. |
| James I or James VI | held throne of England and Scotland. Declared peace with Spain. Hated Parliament. |
| Cromwell | military leader of the Purtans. Gave himself the title "Lord Protector" Defeated Charles. |
| Roundheads | what charles called the puritans when he fighting them. |
| Anglicans | people who believed in a mixture of Protestant and Catholic beliefs. |
| Whigs | wanted to keep King James off the throne. |
| Tories | Supported king. |
| Democracy | government in which there is a representative body. |
| Monarchy | government in which decisions are made by the king. |
| Constitutional Monarchy | democratic nation with a royal head. |
| Republic | where the citizens elect representitives to run the government. FORM OF DEMOCRACY. |
| Alliance | friendly tie with another power. |
| Coalition | alliance of many states, powers, etc. |
| Charles I | outraged at parliament. Got "forced" loans. Made Long and Short Parliament. |
| Divine Right | Kings could rule with unchecked power given to them by god. |
| Charles II | known as the "Merry Monarch" |
| Sovereignty, Suffrage | right to vote, theres 2 words that are mean the same thing |
| House of lords | house composed of lords, inherited position. |
| House of Commons | representatives of land and property holders. |
| Habaeas Corpus | safeguard against arbitrary confinement. |
| Billet | order directing that military force be housed. |
| Gentry | lowest level of nobility, royal blood. |
| Subordinate | low in rank to somebody else. |
| Conquistadors | Spanish for conquerors |
| Lost Colony | the settlement on Roanoke Island. |
| Puritans | wanted to purify the Protestant church of catholic belief. |
