| A | B |
|---|
| Years of Russia's revolution | Fuse - 1825 - 1916. Explosion - 1917 - lasted until 1939 |
| What started the fuse? | Czar Alexander I died in 1825. he was thinking about freeing the serfs, but died suddenly and so did the chance |
| what percent of russia's people were serfs? | more than 80% |
| what kind of ruler was the czar of russia? | he was an autocrat |
| Decembrists | the army officers who led a revolt in dec. 1825 after alexander's death. were all veterans from Nap. war, and came home with ideas of more revolutionary gov'ts like citizens bills of rights options |
| who took power when Alex I died? | his brother NIcholas I |
| How did Nick I resist change? | he continued serfdom to have landlord support, he and they crushed peasant uprisings, limited education to keep ignorance, censored books, newspapers, and pamphlets |
| Crimean War | Nick started by trying to take parts of Ottoman empire. war was terrible for russia, against turkey, GB and France |
| How did Alex II feel about change? | Better to offer from above than have it forced from below |
| How did Alex II change serfdom? | He issued a decree freeing serfs, leaving 1/2 farmable land in hands of nobles. other 1/2 divided for serfs who were required to pay gov't for it |
| mir | peasant community, all peasant land belonged to it and none was private. as a whole, owned it, worked it, and paid taxes |
| Rights Alex II gave | ppl charged w/ crimes had right to lawyer or own choice and public triats, set up councils to deal w/ local matters, expanded educational oppurtunities, serfdom abolished |
| Reasons for peasants discontent even after reforms by alex II | alone paid poll tax, alon subject to death penalty, bound to mirs, few had enough land to support families |
| narodniki | young students that went among peasants and taught them to read, provided med. services, spread revolutionary ideas. goal became assassination of czar - eventually did, w/ bomb |
| zemstvos | councils alex II set up to take care of local matters |
| who took over when alex II was killed? | his son, alex III |
| what did alex III set out to strengthen? | "autocracy, othodoxy, and nationality." refused reform |
| who was treated the most harshly by alex III? | jews - huge prejudice, were turned away from schools and most of the country. laws encouraged prejudice |
| pogroms | riots against jews |
| when alex III died, who took over? | Nicholas II - decided to keep autocracy like his father |
| Social revolutionaries | believed revolution would come from large peasant class and that Russia could develop own kind of rural socialism, wanted democracy |
| Social Democrats | were Marxists. believed working calss would be the one to overthrow ruling class |
| Lenin | an SD. planned to overthrow czar and have marxist rev. worked tirelessly for revolution |
| Bolsheviks | division of SD's led by Lenin, wanted to move foward quickly with revolution |
| Mensheviks | division of SD's opposing Lenin, wanted to move more slowly w/ Rev and though industrialization was key first |
| The Russo-Japanese War | Japan attacked Russian, Japan won |
| Revolution of 1905 | started w/ Bloody Sunday, waves of strikes spread across country, Duma offered |
| Bloody Sunday | about 200,000 unarmed workers and familes approached czar's palace w/ a petition askign for better work conditions, more personal freedom, and elected national legislature. czar not there, but generalls ordered attack. |
| Duma | Russian Parliament, created as result of Rev. of 1905. dissolved b/c Nick didn;t like the criticism |
| Serious mistakes made by Czar Nicholas II | resisted change, decided to join WWI, moved headquarters and left power in hands of his wife |
| Rasputin | claimed to be holy, wielded great bad influence on Nick and Alexandra, urged czarina to ignore reform demands |
| How did Rasputin die? | lured into house by young aristocrats that hated him, poisoned, shot, and thrown into river. actually died by drowning |
| The soviets | workers and soldiers in St. Petersburg formed these. each factory and military barracks in the city sent a representative |
| Kerensky | member of both the Duma and the Soviet - had respect of both groups, so led the provisional gov't |
| fateful mistake Kerensky and his gov't made immediately | to continue war against Germany |
| how did Lenin get back into Germany? | the germans helped him - he would help their war effort, b/c he was a Bolshevik and Bolsheviks strongly opposed the war |
| Why did the narrowness of the Bolsheviks prove to be their greatest advantage? | because they were the most organized out of all groups, and influenced others |
| Kornilov | commander-in-cheif of army, tried to sieze power. stopped by revolutionaries, wouldn't let him into petrograd (stpetersburg). rev's led by Bolsheviks |
| how did popular support suddenly swing to Bolsheviks? | Bolsheviks had saved Petrograd from Kornilov |
| what was Lenin's slogan? | Peace, Land, and Bread |
| Leon Trotsky | second to Lenin in popularity, became chariman of the soviet |
| How did Lenin take over gov't offices? | he and his followers, almost bloodlessly, just took it. the provisional gov't had no loyal troops left |
| Lenin's new socialist order | all farmland to be divided between peasants, truce w/ Germany |
| Russia's civil war | between the reds (bolsheviks) and the whites. reds won |
| New Economic Policy | enforced by Lenin, farmers allowed to seel surplus instead of taking to gov't, individuals, allowed to buy and sell goods for profit, tried to encourage foreign investment |
| Lenin's new name for Russia, new capital, new name for party | Union of Soviet Sociaist Republics (USSR), or the Soviet Union, new capital Moscow, new group name "The Communist Party" |
| Trotsky | tried to succeed Lenin after Stalin. most obvious candidate, had been an imp. figure in revolutionary movement. but had many enemies - people thought he was dangerous, would become dictator |
| Stalin | succeeded Lenin, won over Trotsky. cold, hard, and impersonal. when won, turned against and isolated all allies so that he ruled alone. |
| Difference between Stalin and Trotsky | Trotsky beleived in world revolution, Stalin was only concerned w/ the Soviet Union |
| Stalin's industrial revolution | Five-Year Plan, called for command econmony. controlled every aspect of a workers life, and secret police would imprison or execute anyone who didn't contribute |
| What did Stalin recognize and set to fix? | That Russia was behind advanced countries by 50-100 years, and needed to make up for this time in 10 years. |
| Stalin's Agricultural revolution | based on centralized planning. abolished all privately owned farms. collictive farms replaced them. |
| How and why did peasants resist collective farming? | Had struggled against nobles for own land, finally got, then had to have gov't as new landlord. resisted by destroying crops, but gov't confiscated what was left and farmers left in famine |
| What kind of ruler was Stalin? | an absolute dictator. crushed anyone he thought might be or become an enemy |
| What were people arrested for under Stalin? | being in Lenin's old gov't (even though he was), having friends in foreigh countries, practicing religion, casual remarks overheard by police informers, farmers and farm managers not meeting targets, police not finding enough criminals |
