| A | B |
|---|
| W. Wundt | Biological perspective |
| S. Freud | Psychoanalytic perspective |
| I. Pavlov | Learning |
| J. Piaget | Early Childhood Development |
| Kohlberg | Moral Development |
| A. Maslow | Hierarchy of Needs |
| C. Rogers | Humanistic perspective |
| "Father of Psychology" | W. Wundt |
| Specialize in Human Emotional Problems | Clinical Psychologists |
| Definition of Gestalt | "whole" |
| Correlational Research | Measures degree of relationship between 2 variables |
| Hypothesis | Testable prediction |
| Independent variable | Variable that is manipulated by researcher |
| Control group | Group not subjected to influence of independent variable |
| Experimental group | Research participants subjected to changes in independent variable |
| Dendrites | Tree-like branches that receive information |
| Cell body | Regulates life processes in neuron |
| Axon | Conducts action potential |
| Myelin sheath | Insulates axon; accelerates nerve impluse |
| Synapse | Space between axon of one neuron & dendrites of another neuron |
| ACh | neurotransmitter that triggers muscle movement |
| Dopamine | Regulates behavior & emotions |
| Endorphins | Natural pain killer |
| Norepinephrine | Arousal; Depression and Panic Disorder |
| Serotonin | Mood regulation,pleasure, sleep/wake cycle, eating behavior |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Conduct nerve impulses from receptors to the spinal cord, brain, and muscles |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Regulates involuntary and automatic responses of organism |
| Sypathetic Branch | flight-or-fight reaction |
| Parasympathetic Branch | relaxation and response |
| Frontal Lobe | anticipate consequences of actions |
| Motor association area | coordination of complex movement |
| Motor cortex | initiation of voluntary movement |
| Somatosensory Cortex | receives tactile information from the body |
| Sensory association area | processing of multisensory information |
| Visual association area | complex processing of visual information |
| Occipital Lobe | detection of simple visual stimuli |
| Temporal Lobe | detection of sound quality (tone, loudness) |
| Broca's area | speech production and articulation |
| Spinal Cord | Transmission of messages from CNS to body; reflexes |
| Medulla | Controls: breathing, blood pressure, heart rate |
| Reticular Formation | Helps control arousal |
| Cerebellum | Motor coordination and balance |
| Amygdala | Linked to fear and agression |
| Hypothalamus | Motivated behavior including hunger, sex, and thirst centers |
| Limbic System | Emotions, learning, memory |
| Pituitary Gland | "Master gland", controls growth and metabolism |
| Thyroid Gland | Regulates oxygen metabolism |
| Parathyroids | Necessary for life; affects calcium and phosphorous metabolism |
| Pancreas | Secretes insulin; storage and burning of sugar |
| Adrenals | Prepares the body for emergency action |
| Helmholtz's Resonance Theory | Pitch is determined by the Corti that is stimulated by frequency |
| Frequency Theory | Pitches depend upon the rate of vibration of the basilar membrane in response to incoming sound |
| Volley Theory | Hair cells fire in a sequence; rapid fires allow for high frequencies |
| Place Theory | Frequency perception depends on amouint of displacement by traveling waves in the cochlea |
| IV | Experiment factor that is manipulated |
| DV | Experiment factor that is measured |
| Placebo | "Sugar Pill" |
| Double-Blind Procedure | Both subject and research staff are ignorant to the placebo or the real treatment |
| Biological psychology | Links between biology and behavior |
| Neuron | basic building block of NS |
| Dendrite | Bushy extensions that recieve messages |
| Action Potential | Brief electrical charge that travels down the axon |
| threshold | level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| CNS | brain and spinal cord |
| Skeletal Nervous System | controls the body's skeletal muscles |
| Adrenal glands | Just above the kidneys, helps arouse the body in times of stress |
| EEG | recording of electrical activity that sweeps across the brains surface |
| PET scan | detects glucose activity in the brain while subject is doing a given task |
| MRI | allos us to see structures within the brain |
| CAT scan | series of x-ray photos combined to look like a slice throught the brain |
| Brainstem | Central core of brain, responsible for automatic survival functions |
| Thalamus | Sensory switchboard |
| Aphasia is caused by | damage to Broca's area or Wernicke's |
| Broca's area | directs muscle movement |
| Wernicke's area | involves language comprehension |
| Corpus callosum | largest bundle of neural fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain and transmit messages between them |
| Split brain | where the two hemispheres of the brain are cut at the corpus callosum |
| Evolutionary psychology | involved with natural selection |
| Behavior genetics | study of genetic AND evironmental influences on behavior |
| Heritability | Personalitity/behavior that can be attributed to genes |
| sensation | process where sensory and nervous system recieve and represent stimuli |
| perception | process of organizing and interpreting sensory information |
| bottom-up processing | begins with the sensory receptors & works up to brain's higher levels |
| top-down processing | constructs perceptions using our experience and expectations |
| Psychophysics | study between physical stimuli and psychological experience of them |
| Absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed to detect a certain stimuli |
| difference threshold | minimum difference that we can detect between two stimuli |
| sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity because of a constant stimulation |
| transduction | change from one energy to another |
| hue | dimension of color by wavelength of light |
| pupil | adjustable opening in the center of the eye |
| iris | forms colored portion of the eye |
| lens | behind pupil, changes shape to focus images on the retina |
| retina | contains receptor rods and cones, processes visual information |
| nearsightedness | near objects are seen more clearly than far ones |
| farsightedness | far objects are seen more clearly thasn near objects |
| rods | retinal receptors that detect black, grey, and white |
| cones | detect fine detail and color |
| optic nerve | nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| fovea | central focal point in retina, where the eye's cones cluster |
