| A | B |
|---|
| organism | a living thing |
| cell | the basic unit of life |
| DNA | instructions for an organism |
| stimulus | an action that causes a response |
| reproduce | to create more organisms from 1 or 2 parents |
| classification | a system for "organizing' organisms |
| kingdom | the most general level of classification |
| six kingdoms | Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
| six characteristics of life | have cells, have DNA, grow and develop, reproduces, uses energy, responds to a stimulus |
| seven levels of classification | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Archaebacteria | "oldest" kingdom |
| Eubacteria | most numerous kingdom |
| Protista | unicellular and eukaryotic |
| Fungi | absorbs food |
| Plantae | makes food from sunlight |
| Animalia | eats food |
| binomial nomenclature | giving an organism a scientific name |
| unicellular | having only one cell |
| multicellular | having more than one cell |
| structure | the way something is built or shaped; the way something looks |
| function | the way that something works |
| organs | built from tissues and cells |
| tissues | made up of cells |
| organ systems | made up of organs |
| prokaryote | cells without a nucleus |
| eukaryote | cells with a nucleus |
| root | gets water from the ground |
| stem | transports water and food from roots to leaves |
| leaf | makes food for the plant |
| flower | attracts pollinators to the plant for reproduction |
| root hairs | only a few cells thick, gets water from the ground through osmosis |
| root cap | protects the growing tip of the root and releases a "slime" |
| xylem | vascular tissue that transports water from root to leaves. |
| phloem | vascular tissue that transports food from leaves to the rest of the plant |
| vascular tissues | xylem and phloem; specialized tissue for transporting materials |
| cuticle | waxy layer that keeps plants from dyring out. |
| epidermis | layer of cells in the leaf that protects the underlying tissue |
| palisade layer | cells are packed with chloroplasts, and it is the primary location for foodmaking |
| spongy layer | filled with air spaces - where air is exchanged in a plant |
| chloroplasts | organelles filled with chlorophyll to absorb sunlight and make food |
| photosynthesis | the process by which plants make food |
| stomata | holes in the underside of a leaf |
| guard cells | surrounds the stomata and controls the size of the stomata |
| pistil | female reproductive organs of the flower |
| stamen | male reproductive organs of the flower |
| anther | holds the pollen |
| filament | holds the anther |
| stigma | sticky landing platform for pollen |
| style | pathway between the stigma and the ovary |
| ovary | holds the ovules |
| ovules | holds the egg cells |
| petals | brightly colored part of a flower that attracts pollinators |
| sepals | protective covering of a bud |
| receptacle | where the flower meets the stem |
| Seven levels of classification | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Six kingdoms | Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
| binomial nomenclature | two-part naming system for naming organisms |
| Carolus Linnaeus | invented binomial nomenclature |
| Aristotle | first to classify organisms |
| scientific name | genus and species of an organism |
| Kingdom Fungi characteristics | have a nucleus, absorbs food |
| Kingdom Protista characteristics | have a nucleus, lives in moist surroundings, mostly microscopic |
| Kingdom Eubacteria characteristics | has no nucleus, has a cell wall, reproduces quickly |
| Kingdom Archaebacteria characteristics | has no nucleus, lives in extreme conditions, reproduces quickly |
| Kingdom Plantae characteristics | has a nucleus, makes its own food, has a cell wall |
| Kingdom Animalia characteristics | has nuclei, has to eat food, moves around |
| Six characteristics of all living things | has cells, has DNA, uses energy, reproduces, grows & develops, responds |
| cell theory | All living things are made of cells, all cells come from other cells, and cells are the building block of living things. |
| Animal-like protista | are microscopic, move around |
| Fungus-like protista | move around, yet have to absorb their food |
| Plant-like protista | also known as algae, produce their own food |
| spores | asexual reproduction method for plants, fungi, and fungus-like protists |
| Archaebacteria example | thermophiles live in hot ocean vents |
| Eubacteria example | botulinum produces toxins that cause food poisoning and are also used as a beauty treatment |
| Fungi example | Yeast is a unicellular example |
| Protista example | Paramecium move using hair-like structures called cilia. |
| Plantae example | Ferns and mosses are seedless. |
| thermophile | heat-loving Archaebacteria |
| halophile | salt-loving Archaebacteria |
| archae | ancient |
| eu | new |
| cocci | round Eubacteria |
| spirilla | spiral-shaped Eubacteria |
| bacilla | oval-shaped Eubacteria |
| pseudopod | false foot of some animal-like Protista |
| flagella | whip-like tail of some animal-like Protista |
| cilia | small hairs of some animal-like Protista |
| fruit | swollen ovary of a plant |
| ingredients of photosynthesis | carbon dioxide and water |
| products of photosynthesis | glucose and oxygen gas |
| glucose | a simple sugar |
| formula for carbon dioxide | CO2 |
| formula for water | H20 |
| formula for glucose | C6H1206 |
| number of molecules of carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis | 6 |
| number of molecules of glucose produced in photosynthesis | 1 |
| ecology | the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment |
| biotic | describing something that is living or was once alive |
| abiotic | describing something that is non-living or was never alive |
| population | a group of organisms of the same species in the same place at the same time |
| community | a group pf different populations in the same place at the same time |
| ecosystem | a community and the non-living things surrounding it |
| biosphere | all the places where there is life on earth |
| biome | a group of ecosystems with the same climate and precipitation |
| tundra | very cold climate with permafrost and little precipitation |
| permafrost | permanently frozen ground |
| taiga | cold climate with evergreen trees and swampy summers; the largest biome |
| desert | a biome with a hot, dry climate and very little precipitation |
| grassland | a biome with rainy summers and dry winters |
| rainforest | a biome with a hot rainy climate, and 3 layers of forest: canopy, understory, forest floor |
| deciduous forest | a biome characterized by 4 seasons |
| herbivore | a type of consumer that only eats producers (plants) |
| carnivore | a type of consumer that only eats other consumers (meat) |
| omnivore | a type of consumer that eats both consumers (meat) and producers (plants) |
| scavenger | a type of consumer that eats the leftovers from other organisms |
| food chain | a way to show the path of energy flowing from one organism to the next (who is eaten by who) |
| food web | more than one interconnected food chain |
| energy pyramid | a way to represent that there needs to be more food available than will be eaten by the next level of organisms |
| habitat | where an organism lives |
| niche | how an organism lives, or the role it plays in an environment |
| prey | an organism that is eaten by other organisms |
| predator | an organism that eats other organisms |
| symbiosis | a close, long-term relationship between organisms of 2 or more species. |
| mutualism | a type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit from the relationship |
| commensalism | a type of symbiosis where one organism benefits from the relationship and the other organism is unharmed |
| parasitism | a type of symbiosis where one organism benefits from the relationship and the other organism is harmed. |
| coevolution | two species of organisms that evolve together over time. |
| helium | 2nd lightest element, with atomic number of 2 |
| calcium | makes strong bontes and teeth |
| phosphorus | has the ability to glow in the dark |
| chlorine | has the atomic number of 17 |
| sodium | represented by the symbol Na |
| gold | represented by the symbol Au |
| oxygen | represented by the symbol O |
| hydrogen | has an atomic number of 1 |
| nickel | represented by the symbol Ni |
| copper | is known for conducting electricity |
| iron | represented by the symbol Fe |
| potassium | represented by the symbol K |
| silver | has the atomic number 47 |
| carbon | diamonds are made up of this element |
| nitrogen | 78% of our atmosphere is made up of this element |
| helium | is used to fill balloons |
| sodium | makes up 1/2 of table salt |
| phosphorus | represented by the symbol P |
| chlorine | is a poisonous yellow-green cas at room temperature |
| nickel | can cause skin allergies and reactions when in jewelry |
| hydrogen | represented by the symbol H |
| carbon | pencil lead is made up of this element |
| calcium | has the atomic number 20 |
| potassium | is a major part of bananas and orange juice |
| copper | represented by the symbol Cu |
| iron | is responsible for the metallic taste of blood |
| gold | is a soft yellow metallic solid that is also valuable |
| nitrogen | platns use this element in order to build up their green color |
| iodine | is represented by the symbol I |
| iodine | is a brownish liquid at room temperature that turns purple in the presence of starch |
| aluminum | has the atomic number of 27 |
| aluminum | is a lightweight silver metal solid at room temperature that can be pounded into thin sheets |
| microscope | scientific tool used to see objects invisible to the unaided eye |
| eyepiece | holds the ocular lens |
| ocular lens | the lens closest to the eye |
| tube | connects and separates the 2 lenses at an appropriate distance |
| nosepiece | revolves to switch between the objective lenses |
| objective lens | the lens closest to the object |
| stage | where slides are placed for viewin |
| stage clips | hold the slides in place |
| arm | connects the tube with lenses to the stage |
| disc diaphragm | controls the amount of light that goes through the stage |
| substage illuminator | the light underneath the stage |
| base | supports the microscope |
| slide | a piece of glass where specimens are prepared for viewing |
| coverslip | a small, thin piece of glass or plastic used to cover the specimen on the slide |
| slide cover | a small piece of glass or plastic used to cover the specimen on the slide |
| wet mount slide | a slide that is created by adding a drop of liquid to seal the coverslip on top of the specimen |
| smear slide | a slide that is created by smearing a small amount of semi-solid specimen onto the glass slide |
| well slide | a slide where a drop of liquid is placed into a contained area and viewed without a coverslip |
| nucleus | the control center of the cell |
| nucleolus | small circular structure(s) within the nucleus; may be involved in protein synthesis |
| chromosomes | genetic material found in the nucleus |
| mitochondria | where energy in the form of ATP is produced |
| ribosomes | where proteins are made |
| endoplasmic reticulum | transport system in the cell |
| golgi apparatus | packages up protein |
| lysosome | special type of vacuole that breaks down large molecules and cell parts |
| chloroplast | where photosynthesis occurs |
| cell membrane | semi-permeable; it controls what moves in and out of the cell |
| cell wall | protects and supports plant cells |
| eukaryote | cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus |
| prokaryote | a cell with no nuclear membrane and few (if any) membrane bound organelles |
| vacuole | stores wastes, water, food |
| organism | a living thing |
| cell | the basic unit of life |
| DNA | instructions for an organism |
| stimulus | an action that causes a response |
| reproduce | to create more organisms from 1 or 2 parents |
| classification | a system for "organizing' organisms |
| kingdom | the most general level of classification |
| six kingdoms | Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
| six characteristics of life | have cells, have DNA, grow and develop, reproduces, uses energy, responds to a stimulus |
| seven levels of classification | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Archaebacteria | "oldest" kingdom |
| Eubacteria | most numerous kingdom |
| Protista | unicellular and eukaryotic |
| Fungi | absorbs food |
| Plantae | makes food from sunlight |
| Animalia | eats food |
| binomial nomenclature | giving an organism a scientific name |
| unicellular | having only one cell |
| multicellular | having more than one cell |
| structure | the way something is built or shaped; the way something looks |
| function | the way that something works |
| organs | built from tissues and cells |
| tissues | made up of cells |
| organ systems | made up of organs |
| prokaryote | cells without a nucleus |
| eukaryote | cells with a nucleus |
| microscope | scientific tool used to see objects invisible to the unaided eye |
| eyepiece | holds the ocular lens |
| ocular lens | the lens closest to the eye |
| tube | connects and separates the 2 lenses at an appropriate distance |
| nosepiece | revolves to switch between the objective lenses |
| objective lens | the lens closest to the object |
| stage | where slides are placed for viewin |
| stage clips | hold the slides in place |
| arm | connects the tube with lenses to the stage |
| disc diaphragm | controls the amount of light that goes through the stage |
| substage illuminator | the light underneath the stage |
| base | supports the microscope |
| slide | a piece of glass where specimens are prepared for viewing |
| coverslip | a small, thin piece of glass or plastic used to cover the specimen on the slide |
| slide cover | a small piece of glass or plastic used to cover the specimen on the slide |
| wet mount slide | a slide that is created by adding a drop of liquid to seal the coverslip on top of the specimen |
| smear slide | a slide that is created by smearing a small amount of semi-solid specimen onto the glass slide |
| well slide | a slide where a drop of liquid is placed into a contained area and viewed without a coverslip |
| scientist | a person who asks questions and looks for answers |
| scientific method | a 7-step process that is used in experiments |
| research | to gather prior knowledge in order to make a prediction |
| hypothesis | a prediction about the results of an experiment |
| inference | an explanation of an observation |
| observation | something that can be measured or experienced with the 5 senses |
| qualitative | an observation that can be experienced with the 5 senses |
| quantitative | an observation that can be measured - involves numbers |
| experiment | a scientific investigation that uses the scientific method to answer a question |
| procedures | a series of steps in an experiment (the directions) |
| data | information that is collected from the experiment (the observations) |
| conclusion | a summary of the results of your experiment (the answer to the original question) |
| control | something that stays the same in an experiment |
| variable | something that changes in an experiment |
| diffusion | movement of particles from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached |
| equilibrium | all things are balanced and evenly spread out. |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a membrane |
| active transport | particles move from low concentration to high concentration, and the process requires cell energy. |
| endocytosis | large particles enter the cell |
| exocytosis | large particles leave the cell. |
| passive transport | particles move from high concentration to low concentration and the process doesn't require energy |
| selectively permeable | only certain things are allowed to pass through |
| cell membrane | protects the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell |
| particles | small pieces of something |
| concentration | the amount of particles in an area |
| high concentration | there are many particles in an area |
| low concentration | there are few particles in an area |
| cell cycle | the process of reproduction in eukaryotic cells |
| mitosis | the stage of the cell cycle when the cell's DNA splits into 2 parts |
| chromosomes | a structure of tightly coiled DNA in the nucleus of a cell |
| interphase | the "resting" phase of the cell cycle, where cells grow and copy DNA |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| asexual reproduction | a form of reproduction involving only one parent and producing offspring identical to the parent |
| sexual reproduction | a form of reproduction |
| meiosis | a process by which sex cells are created |
| genes | pieces of DNA that code for proteins/traits |
| homologous | matching |
| genetics | the study of DNA and genes in organism |
| heredity | the study of the passing of genes and traits from generation to generation |
| traits | a characteristic of an organism that can be inherited from the parents |
| offspring | the products of reproduction |
| fertilization | when gametes come together to form a zygote |
| dominant trait | a trait that appears when one dominant allele is present |
| recessive trait | a trait that only appears when there are two recessive alleles present |
| allele | a genetic "variable" that represents a gene |
| genotype | describes an organism's genes |
| phenotype | what an organism's characteristics are (describes an organisms traits) |
| heterozygous | having 2 different alleles |
| homozygous | having two of the same alleles (dominant or recessive) |
| incomplete dominance | when a heterozygous genotype has a mixed phenotype |
| hybrid | same as heterozygous |
| pure-bred | same as homozygous |
| true-breeding | same as pure-bred |
| pedigree | a chart that shows how a trait is inherited through a family. |
| double helix | the shape of DNA |
| nucleotides | the part of DNA that holds the bases - same as "bases" in 7th grade science |
| bases | A, T, G, C |
| base pairs | pairs of bases that match up with each other |
| amino acids | small sub-units of proteins - they form proteins by chaining together |
| mutation | changes that occur in the order of DNA base pairs |
| insertion | a type of mutation in DNA where a base pair is added |
| deletion | a type of mutation in DNA where a base pair is deleted |
| substitution | a type of mutation in DNA where a base pair is replaced with different base pair |
| selective breeding | organisms with desireable characteristics are mated in hopes of producing an offspring with those desireable characteristics |
| genetic engineering | when scientists transfer genes from one organism to another in order to get certain characteristics |
| genome | a map of genes on chromosomes |
