| A | B |
|---|
| Brown v Board of Education of Topeka | The supreme Court case which declared that "separate but equal" educational facilities are inherently unequal and therefore in violation of the equal protection of the laws protected in the 14th Amendment |
| civil disobedience | refusal to obey a law, usually on the ground that it is morally unjust, or to protest a government policy |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Act of Congress designed to protect the rights of individuals to fair treatment by private persons, groups, organizations, businesses and government |
| commerce clause | clause in the U.S. Constitution which gives Congress the power "to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among several states" |
| Jim Crow laws | laws requiring the segregation of races |
| Letter from Birmingham Jail | Martin Luther King Jr. wrote that nonviolent direct action forces its communities to confront its unjust laws |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | lasted 400 days, the Supreme Court forced the city officials to end segregation |
| National Associaltion for the Advancement of Colored People | An interacial group founded in 1909 to advocate the rights of African-Americans primariy through legal and political action |
| nonviolent direct action | peaceful tactics used as a means of gaining one's civil or political rights |
| Plessy v Ferguson | a case in which the Supreme Court ruled that "separete but equal" public facilities were permissable under the Constitution |
| segregation | the separation or isolation of a race, class or ethnic group from the rest of society |
| separate but equal doctrice | arguement once upheld by the Supreme Court that separate public facilities were constitutional if the facilities were of equal quality |
| sit-ins | non-violent demonstration in which persons protesting against certain conditions, government policies or laws would sit down in an appropriate place, and refuse to move until their demans were considered or met |
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference | King and other leaders organized and conducted workshops throughout the South where people were taught the principles of non-violent direct action |
| Students Nonviolent Coordinating Committee | student leaders coordinated their efforts to make them more effective |
| student placement laws | legal tactics employed to impede racial integration of schools through the use of placement test and other administrative procedures |
| token immigration | a show of accomodation to the principle of racial integration by small, merely formal concessions |
| White Citizens Councils | groups of people who created private schools, private swimming pools, and other facilities to avoid racial integration in the 1950's and 1960's |
